Virology

Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell.

Neuraminidase enzymes are glycoside hydrolase enzymes (EC 3.2.1.18) that cleave the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids.

A superinfection is generally defined as a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.

Antigenic drift is a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

An oncovirus is a virus that can cause cancer.

Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms.

In parasitology, coinfection /ˌkoʊɪnˈfɛkʃən/ is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species.

Structural proteins linking the viral envelope with the virus core.

Viral transformation can occur both naturally and medically.

The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and viral infections on human history.

B-type inclusions, formerly known as Guarnieri bodies /ɡwɑːrˈnjɛri/ are cellular features found upon microscopic inspection of epithelial cells of individuals suspected of having poxvirus (e.g. smallpox or vaccinia).