victimology terms Part 1.

a homicide in which both the victim and the offender shared a primary, or face-to-face, relationship

a major national survey of college women completed in 1996 probing sexual assault

a victimization that does not conform to the usual common stereotype

explanations that look for events that are external to the individual as the cause of behavior

when respondents mistakenly bring criminal events that occurred outside the time frame into the survey period

the preparations that people can make to cushion the impact of death when a loss is imminent or expected to take place

the second phase of a victim’s recovery, in which they begin to adapt to the fact that the violation took place

the idea that women are equally as violent as their partners

large urban and industrialized communities where people rely on one another, are depersonalized, and a formal justice system handles transgressions

the susceptibility to crime and the harm that accompanies victimization

the culmination of the frustrations where the perpetrator is out of control and acts in a rage

inducing shame in a positive fashion to bring the offender back into society

an individual who relays information to a surveyor about crimes committed against all members of his or her household

a desire to suffer

a follow-up victimization of a similar person, place, or item, not necessarily nearby

a person who is incapable of performing normal daily living activities or is unable to protect himself or herself because of a physical or mental impairment

see sentencing circles

when an employer should recognize that the person poses an unacceptable risk and needs to be closely monitored on the job

initiated in 1976, a set of reports that provides data on victim characteristics, location, offender characteristics, relationship between the victim and offender, the use of weapons, and the circumstances surrounding the homicide event

a victim who brings suit against a defendant in civil court

when children kill their parents

“the unlawful taking, carrying, leading or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another” (FBI)

sending an individual to another source of assistance or intervention

a situation I which a homicide culminated from a chain or series of discrete actions and reactions by the participants

a form of harassment in which the offender requires sexual contact in exchange for employment, better working conditions, high grades, or other favorable treatment

situations in which (usually) the same offender commits another offense based on the past experiences with that victim or location (see also boost explanation)

an umbrella organization, independent of the criminal justice system, that brings together child protective services workers, law enforcement officers, the prosecutor’s office, educators, mental health counselors, and medical personnel in an effort to provide a coordinated response and seamless service delivery to maltreated children

evaluations that emphasize things like the number of offenders handled, the amount of time participants took to make restitution, the completion rate for restitution orders, and other similar program achievements

when the facts and circumstances are sufficiently strong enough to make the officer conclude that the accused is the one who committed the crime under investigation

the view that male privilege or structured inequality portrays women as inferior and lacking in social power

activities that involve getting victims to disclose personal and financial information that the offender can use to access the victim’s funds or valuables

representatives from law enforcement, victim advocacy, forensic nursing, and the prosecutor’s office in a joint effort to provide seamless case handling

when a social problem is considered to be so pervasive and damaging that it threatens core values and beliefs

when a child kills his or her father

one of the types in Mendelsohn’s typology of victims, one who instigates or provokes the criminal act

payment by the offender to the community rather than to the actual victim

the idea that children who are abused or watch their parents engage in violent outbursts toward each other will come to accept these behaviors as permissible and act in a similar fashion later in life

the most dangerous offenders with the most proclivity for recidivism

an oral presentation of a victim impact statement

out of public earshot

a legal standard of proof in which an officer is permitted to intrude into a situation to investigate whether a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to occur

term coined by von Hentig to indicate that the victim may help provoke the victimization incident

the four-stage process of (1) shock and denial, (2) anger, (3) isolation, and (4) acceptance/recovery

the idea that the victim must not share any criminal responsibility for the event

“an act in which attempts are made to deceive with promises of goods, services, or financial benefits that do not exist, were never intended to be provided, or were misrepresented” (Office for Victims of Crime)

a group of individuals who hold a different set of values, beliefs, ideas, views, and/or meanings that differ to some degree from the larger culture

see risk heterogeneity

the most widely cited measure of crime; data are based on official police reports

the withholding of life’s essentials

when the perpetrator performs a specified number of hours or types of service (or both) to the community in lieu of making cash payments

the syndrome by which “young children who have received serious physical abuse, generally from a parent or foster parent” (Kempe et al., 1962)

sometimes referred to as healing circles or peacemaking circles; members from across the community participate in determining the appropriate sanctions for offenders

the initial response to an event (such as sexual assault) that includes emotions such as shock and distress

the idea that parties interact appropriately as long as both sides receive something in the exchange and each side feels that the other is treating him or her fairly

the stereotyping of older individuals and treating them differently because of their age

when a counselor sidesteps the issue of violence and stands back and waits for the victim to broach the topic

a method to assess truthfulness/accuracy in victimization surveys; starts by locating crime victim names in police files and then administering a victim survey to them, which is then checked against the police records

(1) the inability to achieve the social goals, as outlined above, (2) the removal of desired or valued stimuli (such as losing one’s home or job), and (3) being faced with negative stimuli

see restorative justice

the belief that there are groups and individuals in society that act in accordance with a set of subcultural norms that may violate the rules and regulations of the larger culture