2024-09-30T01:19:48+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>2 cell types based on chromosome content </p>, <p>Chromosome Type in Somatic Cells</p>, <p>Chromosome make up in somatic cells </p>, <p>The 2 stages of the somatic cell cycle</p>, <p>What is the interphase G1 phase of somatic cell reproduction?</p>, <p>What is the interphase S phase of somatic cell reproduction?</p>, <p>What are kinetochores and what phase of interphase do they form?</p>, <p>What is the interphase G2 phase of somatic cell reproduction?</p>, <p>What is the interphase M phase of somatic cell reproduction?</p>, <p>Trick for remembering interphase stages?</p>, <p>What are the stages of somatic cell formation?</p>, <p>What happens during prophase?</p>, <p>What happens during Metaphase?</p>, <p>What phase of mitosis is this?</p>, <p>What happens during Anaphase?</p>, <p>What happens during telophase?</p>, <p>What is the difference between Gamete formation and Somatic Cell formation?</p>, <p>What are the stages of Meiosis?</p>, <p>When does cytokinesis begin and end in mitosis?</p>, <p>What happens during Meiosis 1?</p>, <p>What stage of meiosis is this? </p>, <p>What state are the cells after meiosis 1 and cytokinesis?</p>, <p>What stage of Meiosis is this?</p>, <p>What happens during Meiosis II?</p>, <p>What process is this?</p>, <p>What stage of Meiosis is this? </p>, <p>Whats the point of Meiosis?</p>, <p>How many chromosomes line up at equator in mitosis and meiosis 1 &amp; 2? </p>, <p>State after cytokinesis in Meiosis 1?</p>, <p>State after cytokinesis in Meiosis II?</p>, <p>Meiosis stages from interphase to cytokinesis? </p> flashcards
Unit 4 - The cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis)

Unit 4 - The cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis)

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  • 2 cell types based on chromosome content

    Gametes (haploid (n), 23 chromosomes) and Somatic Cells (Diploid (2n), 46 chromosomes)

  • Chromosome Type in Somatic Cells

    Homologous Chromosomes- highly similar in length and centromere position. - have genes for the same trait in the same location (locus) but they may be different versions of that genetic trait (alleles). they're equivalent, not identical

    Homologous Chromosomes

    - highly similar in length and centromere position.

    - have genes for the same trait in the same location (locus) but they may be different versions of that genetic trait (alleles). they're equivalent, not identical

  • Chromosome make up in somatic cells

    - 23 chromosomes from ovum and 23 from sperm make up 46 pairs

    - chromosomes 1-22 are autosomal (contain genes for traits)

    - chromosome 23 contains genes for biological sex, it gets X from ovum and X or Y from sperm

  • The 2 stages of the somatic cell cycle

    1. Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) where growth, and prep happens2. Mitotic (M phase) where mitosis happens note: Cells that remain in the stage (i.e. don't divide again once mature) are said to be in G0 phase

    1. Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) where growth, and prep happens

    2. Mitotic (M phase) where mitosis happens

    note: Cells that remain in the stage (i.e. don't divide again once mature) are said to be in G0 phase

  • What is the interphase G1 phase of somatic cell reproduction?

    - G1 phase: growth, metabolism, centrosome replication begins

  • What is the interphase S phase of somatic cell reproduction?

    - chromosomes replicate (but are still thread like and not individually visible)

    - the replicates are called "sister chromatids" and attach at centromere

    - this stage ALWAYS occurs before any cell division

    - centrosome replication continues

  • What are kinetochores and what phase of interphase do they form?

    proteins called kinetochores form on centromere to be site of attachment for spindle microtubules during mitosis and meiosis

  • What is the interphase G2 phase of somatic cell reproduction?

    - Growth and metabolism

    - production of enzymes & other proteins needed for cell division

    - centrosome replication is completed

  • What is the interphase M phase of somatic cell reproduction?

    - Where mitosis happens (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

    - When this ends then mitosis and cytokinesis are complete, and resulting diploids enter G1 again and cycle restarts

  • Trick for remembering interphase stages?

    - G1 and G2 are both Growth stages (and metabolism and replication)

    - S phase, Synthesis, is doubling chromosomes

    - M phase is Mitosis

  • What are the stages of somatic cell formation?

    Interphase: G1, S, G2, M then during M stage is mitosis: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

    Interphase: G1, S, G2, M

    then during M stage is mitosis: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

  • What happens during prophase?

    - chromosomes condense and becomes individually visible

    - nucleoli disappear and nuclear envelope breaks up

    - centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell

    - spindle microtubules grow and attach to kinetochore proteins of each sister chromatid and begins to move them to center

  • What happens during Metaphase?

    46 replicated chromosomes line up on cell equator

    46 replicated chromosomes line up on cell equator

  • What phase of mitosis is this?

    What phase of mitosis is this?

    Prophase

    Prophase

  • What happens during Anaphase?

    - spindle microtubules shorten and pull kinetochores away from each other, results in separation of sister chromatids to now have 92 individual chromosomes which migrate to each pole

    - cytokinesis begins (division of cytoplasm)

  • What happens during telophase?

    - chromosomes unravel once more to thread like strands

    - nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear

    - spindle disassembles

    - cytokinesis continues (or sometimes ends here)

  • What is the difference between Gamete formation and Somatic Cell formation?

    Gamete: reproduces by meiosis, splits from one cell into 4 (makes sperm or ovum)

    Somatic Cell: reproduces by mitosis, splits from one cell to 2

  • What are the stages of Meiosis?

    Interphase stages (G1, S, G2, M) then Meiosis 1 (Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, telophase 1), then Meiosis 2 (Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2)

  • When does cytokinesis begin and end in mitosis?

    Begins in anaphase and ends after telophase

    Begins in anaphase and ends after telophase

  • What happens during Meiosis 1?

    Prophase 1: homologous chromosomes attach together and form tetrads

    Metaphase 1: 23 tetrads line up along the cell equator

    Anaphase 1: tetrads separate and a homologous chromosome goes to each pole

    Telophase 1: chromosomes unravel once more to thread-like strands, nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear, spindle disassembles, cytokinesis continues (or sometimes ends here)

  • What stage of meiosis is this?

    What stage of meiosis is this?

    Metephase 1

  • What state are the cells after meiosis 1 and cytokinesis?

    - each cell has 23 chromosomes (haploid now)

    - these cells do NOT have homologous chromosomes

    - each cell has a copy of each autosomal chromosome and one sex one

    - the two haploid cells enter interphase (G1)

  • What stage of Meiosis is this?

    What stage of Meiosis is this?

    Telophase 1

  • What happens during Meiosis II?

    Prophase II: sister chromatids attach together, nucleoli and nuclear envelope dissapear

    Metaphase II: 23 chromosomes line up along the cell equator

    Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate and a chromosome goes to each pole, cytokinesis starts

    Telophase II: chromosomes unravel once more to thread-like strands, nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear, spindle disassembles, cytokinesis continues (or sometimes ends here)

  • What process is this?

    What process is this?

    Meiosis II

  • What stage of Meiosis is this?

    What stage of Meiosis is this?

    Prophase 1

  • Whats the point of Meiosis?

    - Turn diploid germ cells into haploid gametes (ovum/sperm)

    - 2 haploid gametes (ovum & sperm) will combine their 23 chromosomes to a zygote with 46 chromosomes

  • How many chromosomes line up at equator in mitosis and meiosis 1 & 2?

    Mitosis: 46 chromosomes (sister chromatids)

    Meiosis 1: 23 tetrads (homologous chromosomes)

    Meiosis II: 23 chromosomes (sister chromatids)

  • State after cytokinesis in Meiosis 1?

    2 haploid cells with nearly identical copies of 23 chromosomes with sister chromatids

  • State after cytokinesis in Meiosis II?

    - Gametes now

    - 4 haploid cells that each has a copy of 23 chromosomes (not sister chromatids)

  • Meiosis stages from interphase to cytokinesis?