2024-12-13T08:11:18+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Acetylcholine, Action Potential, Actin, Astrocyte, Axon Hillock, Axon Terminal, Ca2+ (Calcium Ions), Dendrite, Depolarization, Gap Junction, Graded Potential, Gray Matter, Hyperpolarization, Myosin, Neuron, Nodes of Ranvier, Oligodendrocytes, Receptor Channels, Schwann Cells, Sensory Receptors, Synapse, Voltage-Gated Ion Channels, White Matter, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), Adenylate Cyclase, Adrenal Cortex, Amplifier Enzyme, Anterior Pituitary, CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone), Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Endocrine Cell, Epinephrine, Glucagon, G-Protein Coupled Receptors, Hormone, Inositol Triphosphate (IP3), Insulin, Negative Feedback, Neurohormone, Paracrine Signals, Phospholipase C, Posterior Pituitary, Second Messenger, Lens, Muscle Fiber, Nociceptors, Photoreceptor, Pupil, Retina, Sarcomere, Sarcoplasm, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Tropomyosin, Troponin, Vestibular Apparatus, Cellular Anatomy of a Neuron, Graded Potential vs. Action Potential, Processes of Action Potential, Chemical vs. Electrical Synapse, Blood-Brain Barrier, General Organization of Nervous System, Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic, Afferent vs. Efferent Pathways, Anterior vs. Posterior Pituitary, Endocrine vs. Exocrine, Neurotransmitter vs. Hormone, HPA and APT Axes, Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus, Basic Physiology of Senses, Structure of Muscle, Basic Physiology of Muscle Contraction, Neuromuscular Junction, Outer vs. Middle vs. Inner Ear, Signal Transduction Pathways, Intracellular vs. Membrane Receptors, Neuroendocrine Reflex, Simple Endocrine and Neural Reflex, Spinal Reflex Arc flashcards
Unit 2 physiology

Unit 2 physiology

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  • Acetylcholine
    Neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and autonomic nervous system.
  • Action Potential
    Rapid electrical signal traveling along neurons.
  • Actin
    Protein forming microfilaments in muscle fibers and cells.
  • Astrocyte
    Glial cell supporting neurons and forming part of the blood-brain barrier.
  • Axon Hillock
    Region where an action potential is initiated.
  • Axon Terminal
    End of a neuron where neurotransmitters are released.
  • Ca2+ (Calcium Ions)
    Key ion in neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction.
  • Dendrite
    Neuron extension receiving input signals.
  • Depolarization
    Reduction in membrane potential making the inside of a cell less negative.
  • Gap Junction
    Direct connection allowing electrical signals to pass between cells.
  • Graded Potential
    Small changes in membrane potential, localized to a specific region.
  • Gray Matter
    Brain and spinal cord regions rich in neuron cell bodies.
  • Hyperpolarization
    Increase in membrane potential making the inside more negative.
  • Myosin
    Protein involved in muscle contraction by interacting with actin.
  • Neuron
    Basic unit of the nervous system, transmitting electrical signals.
  • Nodes of Ranvier
    Gaps in myelination on axons where action potentials regenerate.
  • Oligodendrocytes
    Glial cells producing myelin in the central nervous system.
  • Receptor Channels
    Ion channels activated by ligands to initiate cellular responses.
  • Schwann Cells
    Glial cells producing myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
  • Sensory Receptors
    Cells detecting environmental stimuli like light, sound, and chemicals.
  • Synapse
    Junction between neurons or between a neuron and a target cell.
  • Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
    Channels opening in response to voltage changes.
  • White Matter
    Nervous system regions rich in myelinated axons.
  • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
    Hormone stimulating cortisol release from the adrenal cortex.
  • Adenylate Cyclase
    Enzyme converting ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) in signaling pathways.
  • Adrenal Cortex
    Outer layer of the adrenal gland producing hormones like cortisol.
  • Amplifier Enzyme
    Enzyme amplifying signals by producing large amounts of second messengers.
  • Anterior Pituitary
    Gland releasing hormones like ACTH and FSH under hypothalamic control.
  • CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
    Hormone stimulating ACTH release.
  • Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
    Second messenger in signal transduction.
  • Endocrine Cell
    Cell releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
  • Epinephrine
    Hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the "fight or flight" response.
  • Glucagon
    Hormone increasing blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.
  • G-Protein Coupled Receptors
    Receptors activating intracellular signaling cascades.
  • Hormone
    Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands.
  • Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
    Second messenger involved in calcium release.
  • Insulin
    Hormone reducing blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake.
  • Negative Feedback
    Regulatory mechanism maintaining homeostasis by inhibiting initial signals.
  • Neurohormone
    Hormones released by neurons into the bloodstream.
  • Paracrine Signals
    Chemical signals affecting nearby cells.
  • Phospholipase C
    Enzyme generating second messengers in signaling pathways.
  • Posterior Pituitary
    Releases hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin.
  • Second Messenger
    Intracellular signaling molecules like cAMP and IP3.
  • Lens
    Focuses light onto the retina in the eye.
  • Muscle Fiber
    Muscle cell responsible for contraction.
  • Nociceptors
    Pain-detecting sensory receptors.
  • Photoreceptor
    Retina cells detecting light (rods and cones).
  • Pupil
    Eye opening controlling light entry.
  • Retina
    Light-sensitive tissue in the eye.
  • Sarcomere
    Functional unit of muscle contraction.
  • Sarcoplasm
    Cytoplasm of a muscle cell.
  • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
    Stores and releases calcium in muscle cells.
  • Tropomyosin
    Protein regulating actin-myosin interaction.
  • Troponin
    Calcium-binding protein controlling muscle contraction.
  • Vestibular Apparatus
    Inner ear structure involved in balance.
  • Cellular Anatomy of a Neuron
    Dendrites, axon hillock, axons, and synaptic terminals.
  • Graded Potential vs. Action Potential
    Graded potentials are localized; action potentials propagate.
  • Processes of Action Potential
    Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization.
  • Chemical vs. Electrical Synapse
    Chemical uses neurotransmitters; electrical uses gap junctions.
  • Blood-Brain Barrier
    Protective barrier controlling substance entry to the brain.
  • General Organization of Nervous System
    Central (CNS) vs. Peripheral (PNS).
  • Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
    "Fight or flight" vs. "rest and digest."
  • Afferent vs. Efferent Pathways
    Afferent brings signals to the CNS; efferent sends signals from CNS to effectors.
  • Anterior vs. Posterior Pituitary
    Anterior produces hormones; posterior stores hypothalamic hormones.
  • Endocrine vs. Exocrine
    Endocrine releases into blood; exocrine releases into ducts.
  • Neurotransmitter vs. Hormone
    Neurotransmitters act locally; hormones act systemically.
  • HPA and APT Axes
    Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and anterior-pituitary-thyroid pathways.
  • Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
    Dysregulation of insulin and blood glucose.
  • Basic Physiology of Senses
    Mechanisms of vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
  • Structure of Muscle
    Sarcomeres, myofibrils, actin, and myosin.
  • Basic Physiology of Muscle Contraction
    Role of calcium, tropomyosin, and troponin.
  • Neuromuscular Junction
    Synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber.
  • Outer vs. Middle vs. Inner Ear
    Sound transmission and balance detection.
  • Signal Transduction Pathways
    Receptor activation, second messengers, and cellular responses.
  • Intracellular vs. Membrane Receptors
    Intracellular for lipophilic hormones; membrane for hydrophilic.
  • Neuroendocrine Reflex
    Neural signals triggering hormonal release.
  • Simple Endocrine and Neural Reflex
    Direct hormone release or neuron activation.
  • Spinal Reflex Arc
    Sensory input to motor response pathway.