2024-12-06T20:40:22+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>What is the endocrine system?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine system do?</p>, <p>What are the 3 hormone classes?</p>, <p>What are steroids? What are they synthesized from?</p>, <p>What hormones are formed from tyrosine? what hormone class is that?</p>, <p>What are peptide and protein hormones?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine system do? (visualize)</p>, <p>What do endocrine glands do?</p>, <p>What are the pure endocrine glands?</p>, <p>What are pituitary glands?</p>, <p>What does the anterior pituitary gland do?</p>, <p>What does the posterior pituitary gland do?</p>, <p>What does oxytocin do?</p>, <p>What do antidiuretic hormones (ADH, also known as vasopressin) do?</p>, <p>What does the growth hormone (GH) do?</p>, <p>What does the Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?</p>, <p>What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) do?</p>, <p>What do Gonadotropins (reproductive hormones) do?</p>, <p>What does prolactin (PRL) do?</p>, <p>What is the thyroid gland?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the thyroid?</p>, <p>What are parathyroid glands? What do they do?</p>, <p>What are the adrenal glands?</p>, <p>What is the adrenal medulla (inner) part of the adrenal glands?</p>, <p>What is the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal glands?</p>, <p>What does the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal gland do?</p>, <p>What does the zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal gland do?</p>, <p>What does the zona reticularis layer of the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal gland do?</p>, <p>What are endocrine tissues?</p>, <p>What are the endocrine tissues covered in class?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine tissue of the gonads do for testes?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine tissue of the gonads do for ovaries?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine tissue of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas do?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine tissue of the Hypothalamus do?</p>, <p>What does the endocrine tissue of the Hypothalamus secrete/produce that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?</p> flashcards
Unit 18 - Endocrine System

Unit 18 - Endocrine System

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  • What is the endocrine system?

    ductless glands and endocrine tissues within other organs

    ductless glands and endocrine tissues within other organs

  • What does the endocrine system do?

    —  secrete chemical signals called hormones which travel in the circulation and bind to receptors on/within target cells to initiate a change in the cell (a response)

    o   target cell = cell with receptor specific for that hormone

  • What are the 3 hormone classes?

    1. steroids

    2. hormones derived from amino acids

    3. peptide and protein hormones

  • What are steroids? What are they synthesized from?

    —  Synthesized (made) from cholesterol

    —  testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D

  • What hormones are formed from tyrosine? what hormone class is that?

    - hormones derived from amino acids

    - thyroxine/T4: a thyroid hormone, controls cellular metabolism, growth and development

    - epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline): secreted by the adrenal medulla as part of the fight or flight stress response and sexual climax (orgasm)

  • What are peptide and protein hormones?

    —  chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

    —  e.g. oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), insulin

  • What does the endocrine system do? (visualize)

  • What do endocrine glands do?

    —  their function is to produce and secrete hormones

  • What are the pure endocrine glands?

    pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands

  • What are pituitary glands?

    —&nbsp; suspended from hypothalamus—&nbsp; in sella turcica of sphenoid bone—&nbsp; 2 lobes: anterior and posterior pituitary

    —  suspended from hypothalamus

    —  in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

    —  2 lobes: anterior and posterior pituitary

  • What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

    —  glandular epithelial tissue

    —  anterior pituitary hormone secretion regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus

    —  secretes the following hormones: growth hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Gonadotropins (reproductive hormones), and prolactin (PRL)

  • What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

    - nervous tissue (extension of brain structure called the hypothalamus)

    - stores and secretes hormones produced in hypothalamus, including: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin)

  • What does oxytocin do?

    —  stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling

  • What do antidiuretic hormones (ADH, also known as vasopressin) do?

    —  enhances water reabsorption by collecting duct cells of nephrons in the kidney

  • What does the growth hormone (GH) do?

    —  affects growth and metabolism

  • What does the Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

    —  stimulates secretions by the thyroid gland

  • What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) do?

    —  stimulates secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal gland

  • What do Gonadotropins (reproductive hormones) do?

    - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary; stimulates testosterone production by interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells in the testes

    - Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – stimulates sustentocytes and follicle cells

  • What does prolactin (PRL) do?

    —  stimulates milk production by mammary glands

  • What is the thyroid gland?

    —&nbsp; butterfly shaped gland on anterior surface of the superior part of the trachea (inferior to larynx)

    —  butterfly shaped gland on anterior surface of the superior part of the trachea (inferior to larynx)

  • What is the histology of the thyroid?

    - Follicles: walls of the follicles are composed of epithelial (follicular) cells that secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4)

    - thyroxine is converted to its active form (T3) in target cells

    - Parafollicular cells: between follicles, secrete calcitonin to increase Ca++ uptake into bone (bone formation) which lowers blood Ca++

  • What are parathyroid glands? What do they do?

    —&nbsp; 4 (usually) glands embedded in posterior thyroid—&nbsp; secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH): acts on bone, kidneys to increase blood calcium levels&nbsp;

    —  4 (usually) glands embedded in posterior thyroid

    —  secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH): acts on bone, kidneys to increase blood calcium levels

     

  • What are the adrenal glands?

    What are the adrenal glands?

    —&nbsp; Located on the superior surface of each kidney—&nbsp; parts: adrenal cortex (outer)&nbsp;and adrenal medulla (inner)

    —  Located on the superior surface of each kidney

    —  parts: adrenal cortex (outer) and adrenal medulla (inner)

  • What is the adrenal medulla (inner) part of the adrenal glands?

    - modified nervous tissue

    - synthesizes hormones that regulate “fight or flight” response: Epinephrine (80%), Norepinephrine (20%)

  • What is the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal glands?

    —  epithelial tissue forming glands

    —  secretes only steroids

    —  3 layers (a single class of hormones is secreted by each layer): zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis)

  • What does the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal gland do?

    —  Mainly secretes aldosterone

    o   acts on nephrons to regulate salt balance

  • What does the zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal gland do?

    —  secretes mainly cortisol

    o   regulates many body processes during long-term stress

  • What does the zona reticularis layer of the adrenal cortex (outer) part of the adrenal gland do?

    —  secretes androgens (sex hormones)

    o   converted to testosterone or estrogens in other tissues

  • What are endocrine tissues?

    —  Hormone secreting cells or tissues located in organs that have other functions (i.e. are not strictly glands that secrete hormones)

  • What are the endocrine tissues covered in class?

    - Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas

    - Hypothalamus (part of the brain)

    - gonads

  • What does the endocrine tissue of the gonads do for testes?

    o   Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells - secrete testosterone

  • What does the endocrine tissue of the gonads do for ovaries?

    o   granulosa cells of secondary and vesicular follicles secrete estrogen

    o   corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone

  • What does the endocrine tissue of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas do?

    - α-cells: secrete glucagon which increases blood glucose concentration

    - β-cells: secrete insulin which decreases blood glucose concentration

  • What does the endocrine tissue of the Hypothalamus do?

    —  produces and secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

    —  produces hormones that are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary

  • What does the endocrine tissue of the Hypothalamus secrete/produce that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

    a)      GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)

    b)     GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone; also known as somatostatin)

    c)      GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) – for FSH and LH secretion