2024-12-04T22:11:58+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>Where are the ovaries?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the ovaries?</p>, <p>What is the surface (germinal) epithelium layer of the ovaries?</p>, <p>What is the histology of tunica albuginea?</p>, <p>What does the ovarian cortex contain?</p>, <p>What does the ovarian medulla contain?</p>, <p>What are the 3 sections of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?</p>, <p>What is the infundibulum?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the uterus?</p>, <p>What are the two kinds of cells in the simple columnar epithelium mucosa in the fallopian tubes?</p>, <p>What is the Uterus (womb) anatomically?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the uterus?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the myometrium of the uterus?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the perimetrium of the uterus?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the endometrium of the uterus?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the Basal layer (stratum basalis) of the endometrium of the uterus?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the Functional layer (stratum functionalis) of the endometrium of the uterus?</p>, <p>What is the vagina (birth canal) anatomically?</p>, <p>What is the histology of the vagina?</p>, <p>What are the reproductive structures that lie external to the vagina e.i. are part of the vulva?</p>, <p>What is the mons pubis anatomically?</p>, <p>What is the labia majora/minora anatomically?</p>, <p>What are the greater vestibular glands of the vulva do?</p>, <p>What is the clitoris anatomically?</p>, <p>What is oogenesis?</p>, <p>What does 1 primary (1 degree) oocyte form?</p>, <p>What are polar bodies?</p>, <p>What are oogonia?</p>, <p>How many primary oocytes (2n) are there at birth, what are they doing?</p>, <p>What happens with secondary (2 degree) oocyte (n)?</p>, <p>What do germ cells in the ovarian follicles do during the Late Embryonic and Fetal period (before birth)?</p>, <p>What do oogonia in the ovarian follicles do during the Late Embryonic and Fetal period (before birth)?</p>, <p>What do primordial follicles do in the ovarian follicles do during the Late Embryonic and Fetal period (before birth)?</p>, <p>How do the ovaries develop during childhood? ( although mostly inactive)</p>, <p>How do the ovaries develop during puberty?</p>, <p>What is the secondary follicle?</p>, <p>What is the vesicular (antral) follicle?</p>, <p>What is the preovulatory (graafian) follicle?</p>, <p>What do rising hormone levels cause in the preovulatory (graafian) follicle?</p>, <p>What is penetrated if fertilization occurs?</p>, <p>What is the corpus luteum?</p>, <p>What is the corpus albicans?</p>, <p>What is tubal ligation?</p>, <p>What is a vasectomy?</p>, <p>What is an ectopic pregnancy?</p> flashcards
Unit 17 - Reproductive systems (pt. 2 Female)

Unit 17 - Reproductive systems (pt. 2 Female)

  • Where are the ovaries?

    —  located in pelvic cavity on lateral sides of uterus and connected to body wall by ligaments that are continuous with the peritoneum

  • What is the histology of the ovaries?

    - 4 layers (from superficial to deep): surface (germinal) epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla

  • What is the surface (germinal) epithelium layer of the ovaries?

    layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (modified visceral peritoneum lacking connective tissue)

  • What is the histology of tunica albuginea?

    – dense connective tissue

  • What does the ovarian cortex contain?

    —  contains ovarian follicles and connective tissue

    o   follicle = layer(s) of cells surrounding each developing oocyte that supports and protects it through its development

  • What does the ovarian medulla contain?

    —  contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

  • What are the 3 sections of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?

    - infundibulum

    - ampulla = middle: site where fertilization usually occurs

    - isthmus: connects to uterus

  • What is the infundibulum?

    - a section of the fallopian tube

    - suspended over each ovary,

    - opening of uterine tube into peritoneal cavity,

    - has finger-like projections called fimbriae that cover the ovary during ovulation. They help capture and move the oocyte into the uterine tube

  • What is the histology of the uterus?

    - mucosa: simple columnar epithelium (two cells types)

    - muscularis externa: smooth muscle (contraction helps move oocyte/cell mass along the tube)

    - serosa: visceral peritoneum

  • What are the two kinds of cells in the simple columnar epithelium mucosa in the fallopian tubes?

    - ciliated cells: help move oocyte/zygote/morula along the tube

    - non-ciliated secretory cells with microvilli: secretes fluid that provides nutrients to oocyte/cell mass

  • What is the Uterus (womb) anatomically?

    - Hollow, muscular organ located superior to bladder

    - 3 parts:

    - fundus: superior to isthmus of uterine tubes

    - body: main portion, space within = uterine cavity, site where most embryo implantation and growth occur

    - cervix: inferior, narrow passageway that opens into vagina

  • What is the histology of the uterus?

    - it has 3 layers: endometrium, myometrium (muscularis externa), and perimetrium (serosa)

  • What is the histology of the myometrium of the uterus?

    - smooth muscle

  • What is the histology of the perimetrium of the uterus?

    - outer layer - visceral peritoneum

    - outer layer

    - visceral peritoneum

  • What is the histology of the endometrium of the uterus?

    - mucous membrane composed of a simple columnar epithelium that lines the inner surface of the uterus

    - specialized lamina propria that consists of 2 highly vascularized layers: Functional layer (stratum functionalis) and Basal layer (stratum basalis)

  • What is the histology of the Basal layer (stratum basalis) of the endometrium of the uterus?

    —  permanent layer attached to myometrium

    —  undergoes mitosis to replace the stratum functionalis and the simple columnar epithelium

  • What is the histology of the Functional layer (stratum functionalis) of the endometrium of the uterus?

    —  superficial layer

    —  develops at puberty and is shed monthly (menstruation) along with the simple columnar epithelium

    —  contains endometrial glands (epithelial tissue) that secrete a nutritive fluid for the embryo prior to formation of the umbilical cord

  • What is the vagina (birth canal) anatomically?

    —  connects uterus to external genitalia

    —  female organ of copulation

  • What is the histology of the vagina?

    - mucosa: thick stratified squamous epithelium, has rugae

    - muscularis externa: smooth muscle

    - adventitia: fibroelastic connective tissue

  • What are the reproductive structures that lie external to the vagina e.i. are part of the vulva?

    mons pubis, labia majora/minora, clitoris, a vestibule (vagina and external urethral orifice) and greater vestibular glands

  • What is the mons pubis anatomically?

    —  adipose tissue that overlies and cushions pubic symphysis

  • What is the labia majora/minora anatomically?

    —  the labia majora are two large skin folds that surround the labia minora

    —  the labia minora are small inner folds of skin that surround the vestibule

  • What are the greater vestibular glands of the vulva do?

    —  secrete mucus to lubricate the vestibule

  • What is the clitoris anatomically?

    —  mainly internal, with small external portion at anterior junction of labia minora

    —  contains erectile tissue

    —  derived from the same embryonic tissue as the penis

  • What is oogenesis?

  • What does 1 primary (1 degree) oocyte form?

    forms 1 ovum and 2 or 3 polar bodies

  • What are polar bodies?

    discarded nuclear material

  • What are oogonia?

    - diploid stem cells that multiply by mitosis during fetal development

    - differentiate into primary oocytes

  • How many primary oocytes (2n) are there at birth, what are they doing?

    - ~ 1 million in ovaries at birth

    - enter meiosis I before birth, but arrested in prophase I

    - at puberty less than half of oocytes remain

  • What happens with secondary (2 degree) oocyte (n)?

    o   begins meiosis II and arrests in metaphase II

    o   this is ovulated (usually 1/month)

    o   ~ 500 ovulated from puberty to menopause

  • What do germ cells in the ovarian follicles do during the Late Embryonic and Fetal period (before birth)?

    migrate to the developing gonads where they differentiate into oogonia

  • What do oogonia in the ovarian follicles do during the Late Embryonic and Fetal period (before birth)?

    —  Oogonia begin to proliferate in the embryonic period until several million are formed, at which point proliferation ends

    —  Oogonia begin to differentiate into primary oocytes during the early fetal period: Meiosis I begins, but stops in prophase I, Meiotic arrest continues until puberty

  • What do primordial follicles do in the ovarian follicles do during the Late Embryonic and Fetal period (before birth)?

    - they form, Primary oocytes become surrounded by a single layer of flat pre-granulosa (follicular) cells

    - Most primordial follicles with primary oocytes begin to degenerate over time, such that there are fewer at birth.

  • How do the ovaries develop during childhood? ( although mostly inactive)

    —  some of the primordial follicles develop into primary follicles: the single layer of flat pre-granulosa cells becomes cuboidal – now called granulosa cells

    —  however, in the absence of reproductive hormones, primordial and primary follicles also continue to degenerate such that there is less than half a million primary oocytes are left at puberty

  • How do the ovaries develop during puberty?

    - Each month, primary follicles continue to form and reproductive hormones selectively stimulate some of these follicles to continue their development in the ovarian cortex.

    - They pass through one or more of the following stages: secondary follicle, vesicular (antral) follicle, preovulatory (graafian) follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

  • What is the secondary follicle?

    - one of the follicles the primary follicles can stimulate to develop each month

    - during the transition from primary to secondary follicle, hormone secreting theca cells form from surrounding connective tissue cells

    - granulosa cells proliferate (become stratified) and start to secrete fluid and estrogen

    - fluid-filled spaces between granulosa cells start to develop as fluid accumulates

  • What is the vesicular (antral) follicle?

    - one of the follicles the primary follicles can stimulate to develop each month

    —  the fluid filled spaces unite into a single large antrum

    —  granulosa cells that still surround oocyte = corona radiata

    —  usually, only one dominant vesicular follicle will continue development from this point per ovarian cycle

  • What is the preovulatory (graafian) follicle?

    - one of the follicles the primary follicles can stimulate to develop each month

    —  the follicle grows significantly in size and protrudes from the surface of ovary

  • What do rising hormone levels cause in the preovulatory (graafian) follicle?

    - formation of a secondary oocyte – completion of Meiosis I; enters Meiosis II and arrests in Metaphase II

    - ovulation: release of secondary oocyte (surrounded by corona radiata) from follicle into peritoneal cavity (follicle remains in ovary)

  • What is penetrated if fertilization occurs?

    if fertilization occurs, the acrosome of a single sperm will penetrate the corona radiata

  • What is the corpus luteum?

    - one of the follicles the primary follicles can stimulate to develop each month

    —  follicle that remains after ovulation

    —  produces high levels of hormones that support fetal development

    —  if there is no pregnancy, it degenerates into the corpus albicans

  • What is the corpus albicans?

    - one of the follicles the primary follicles can stimulate to develop each month

    - scar-like structure on surface of ovary

    - does not release any hormones

  • What is tubal ligation?

    surgical procedure on the uterine tube that prevents passage of gametes through the uterine tube (does not affect ovarian/menstrual cycles)

  • What is a vasectomy?

    - relatively minor procedure that prevents sperm passage through the vas deferens (ejaculation still occurs, but the semen does not contain sperm or testicular fluid)

  • What is an ectopic pregnancy?

    —  complication of pregnancy in which the embryo implants outside of the body of the uterus (mostly in the uterine tube, and to a lesser extent in the peritoneal cavity, cervix, ovarian surface)

    —  in most cases the developing fetus is unable to survive

    —  can lead to rupture of uterine tube (which can be life-threatening) and impaired fertility in future