Unit 12 - cardiovascular unit pt 2

closed = blood confined to heard and blood vessels

double = 2 routes (pulmonary and systemic)

pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and coronary circulation

- its for oxygenated of the blood

- carries blood from right ventricle to lungs (deoxygenated blood via pulmonary arteries)

- picks up oxygen in lungs via capillaries

- carries blood from lungs to left atria (oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins)

- for delivery of oxygenated blood to all other tissues

- carries (oxygenated) blood from left ventricle to organs via aorta

- organs take oxygen from blood via capillaries

- carries deoxygenated blood from organs to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava

- many subdivisions of routes to individual organs/organ systems

- the system of vessels around the heart

- fetus get oxygen and nutrients, and expels wastes to mothers blood

- exchange site in the placenta

- umbilical vein (towards fetal heart) carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava

- lungs and liver are late to develop and their functions are handled by maternal organs

umbilical arteries (away from fetal heart( returns mixed blood to placenta

- 3 shunts allow most blood to bypass these organs (minimal blood flow to these organs for growth)

- following birth all shunts normally become closed

- ductus venosus (connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, permits most oxy blood to bypass liver capillaries)

- foramen ovale (hole in interatrial septum, allows blood to move from right to left atrium bypassing fetal lungs)

- ductus arteriosus (connects pulmonary trunk and aorta, bypassing fetal lung)

- higher viscosity than H20

- pH 7.35 - 7.45

- 4 - 6L in an adult

- plasma (matrix) makes up 55-60% of volume (fluid portion with solutes)

- formed elements make up 40-45% of volume (cellular portion)

- composed of H20 (90%), proteins (8%), and other solutes (2%)

- albumins (most plentiful plasma protein, carries substances (hormones, enzymes, etc) through body, helps tissue water balance)

- fibrinogen (clot formation)

- globulin (antibodies, detect and bind foreign invaders)

- protein based hormones and enzymes

nutrients, vitamins, wastes, electrolytes, blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

- red blood cells (erythrocytes, most abundant cell in body)

- White blood cells (leukocytes)

- platelets

- fragments of cells called megakaryocytes

- involved in clotting

- life span ~10 days (if not used in clotting)

- binds to and transports most of oxygen in blood

- anucleate when mature

- biconcave disk shape

- life span of ~ 120 days and old cells are destroyed in liver and spleen

percent of blood volume made up by red blood cells (usually ~45%)

- hemoglobin (iron-containing pigment protein)

- four globin chains (protein)

- four iron containing heme groups (gives blood red colour), 1 iron per heme and site of reversible oxygen binding

- nucleated

- varying life span (days to years)

- defends against disease

- has two types: granulocytes (contain visible protein granules) and agranulocytes (lacks visible protein granules)

- neutrophils (~60%) kill bacteria, all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)

- eosinophils (~3%) attacks blood parasites

- basophils (~1%) release chemicals involved in inflammation and reduction of blood clotting during immune responses

- lymphocytes (~35%) for immunity (two types)

- monocytes (~5%) enter tissues and enlarge to become macropages phagocytic

- T lymphocyte (activate immune response, kill tumour or virus infected/diseased cells directly

- B lymphocytes (become plasma cells that release antibodies to circulate in plasma)

- formation of blood cells

- all blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast cells (part of stem cells) in red bone marrow (located in adults in axial skeleton, pelvic & pectoral girdles, and proximal ends of humerus & femur)

- atrial septal defect (hole in the interatrial septum)

- atherosclerosis (build up of fat deposits in the tunica intima that leads to narrowing or blocking of arteries)