Alliyah EvangelistaThe Cellular Level of Organization
The third chapter of Anatomy and Physiology
-
Name the 3 parts of a cell
Plasma/cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
-
What are the 3 lipids that make up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
-
What contains the cytoplasm?
The plasma membrane
-
Where are the Integral proteins located in the membrane?
Into or across the entire lipid bilayer.
-
Where are the Peripheral proteins located?
Found in the inside or outside surface of the membrane.
-
Integral membrane proteins are ___.
amphipathic
-
What purpose does cholesterol provide in the membrane?
It reduces membrane fluidity and stabilizes it.
-
Membranes are ___.
selectively permeable
-
What is the membrane always permeable to?
Small, nonpolar molecule (Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Steroids).
-
What is the membrane impermeable to?
macromolecules like proteins, they can only pass through the help of transport proteins
-
Where are oxygen and sodium ions more concentrated in relation to the cell?
Outside, ECF
-
Which type of transportation doesn't require energy?
Passive
-
___ transportation moves against the gradient of concentration.
Active
-
In what direction does diffusion move to and from?
High concentration --> Low concentration
-
What factors can influence the rate of diffusion?
Temperature, steepness of gradient, SA, Distance
-
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion doesn't require the help of transport proteins, facilitated diffusion is for polar or too large molecules, whereas simple diffusion is for smaller hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules.
-
What is conformational change?
Change in shape
-
Osmosis is the ___.
movement of water
-
Osmosis only occurs when the ___.
membrane is permeable to water but not to certain solutes.
-
Describe endocytosis
When materials move into a cell through a vesicle and are digested within it by the lysosome.
-
If there was a net gain of water into a cell, what solution would that be?
Hypotonic
-
If water were to move in and out of the cell in equal amounts, the solution would be?
Isotonic
-
Pinocytosis is the ___.
ingestion of water/ECF
-
What is exocytosis?
When a substance is digested within a cell and its excess is released outside of it through secretory vesicles.
-
What is transcytosis?
The movement of substances within a cell, from side to side, across it.
-
Name the structure
The Golgi Complex/Apparatus
-
What is the function of the Golgi Complex?
Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER
-
Name the structure
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-
What is the function of the Rough ER?
Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis
-
What is the function of the Smooth ER?
Synthesizes fatty acids and steroid.
-
What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
-
Function of the cytoplasm
Where all intracellular activities occur, expect for those in the nucleus
-
Function of the cilia and flagella
Cilia: moves fluids/materials over cell's surface
Flagella: moves entire cell
-
Function of the ribosome
Synthesizes protein
-
Function of the Smooth ER
Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
-
Function of the Golgi Complex/Apparatus
Accepts proteins from Rough ER, forms glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins, then sorts and packages them for transport
-
Function of the lysosomes
Digests materials in various manners through the use of vesicle transportation
-
Function of the Mitochondrion
Produces ATP, plays important role in apoptosis
-
Where are the proteins synthesized within the cell?
Ribosomes
-
Function of the nucleus
The site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA
-
What proteins do DNA wrap around to form chromosomes?
Histones
-
How do DNA and RNA store information?
As 3 sets of nucleotides
-
A codon is a?
set of 3 nucleotide on RNA
-
What are the monomers of DNA called?
Nucleotides
-
What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Transfer RNA (tRNA)
-
What does mRNA do?
It directs the synthesis of a protein
-
What does rRNA do?
Joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
-
What does tRNA do?
Binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome.
-
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
-
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm on a ribosome
-
What are the 2 subunits of a ribosome?
The large and small subunit
-
What region does transcription occur?
Promoter region
-
What is translation?
The process of synthesizing proteins from a polypeptide chain.
-
What are the 3 sites of the small and large subunits?
A, P and E
-
What occurs in the A site?
Binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid, that will be added to the polypeptide chain.
-
What occurs in the P site?
Where the protein is being synthesized/ binds the amino acids to the growing chain.
-
What occurs in the E site?
tRNA is bonded before it exits the ribosome.
-
What is the start codon?
AUG
-
What bond do amino acids form?
Peptides
-
What type of bonds are used to hold the
DNA double helix together?
Hydrogen bonds
-
What happens during prophase?
Chromatic condenses into chromosomes.
-
What happens during metaphase?
Centromeres line up at the metaphase plate.
-
What happens during anaphase?
Centromeres split and are pulled toward opposite poles.
-
What happens during telophase?
A new nuclear membrane forms and the mitotic spindles dissolve.
-
How many chromosomes are made during mitosis?
46
-
Are the chromosomes made during mitosis, a diploid or a haploid number?
Diploid
-
How many cells are made during mitosis?
2 daughter cells
-
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Growth and wound repair
-
How many cells are made during meiosis?
4
