Hosam Mohamed-
Societal Perspective
-This is the broadest perspective that is concerned with costs/benefits to society as a whole.
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concerns for quality of life; out of pocket expenses incurred
When should Patient perspective be considered?
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Health care system perspective
- a new healthcare system perspective that is concerned with the cost paid by 3rd party payers & patient out-of-pocket expenses.
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e
Which study perspective is concerned with loss of productivity?
a) societal
b) patient
c) health care system
d) provider
e) payer
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b, c
Which study perspective(s) are concerned with patient out-of-pocket expenses?
a) societal
b) patient
c) health care system
d) provider
e) payer
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d
Which study perspective represents the truest expenses of providing a service?
a) societal
b) patient
c) health care system
d) provider
e) payer
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b, e
Which study perspective cares about charge data?
a) societal
b) patient
c) health care system
d) provider
e) payer
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a
Which study perspective is the predominant perspective perspective in countries with National Health Care systems?
a) societal
b) patient
c) health care system
d) provider
e) payer
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time horizon > 1 year
When must discounting be done?
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discounting
-a computational process to adjust for differential timing of costs or consequences of an intervention
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sensitivity analysis
-an approach for dealing with parameter uncertainty, uncertainties due to lack of knowledge, and how the results of an analysis would change when best guest estimates (assumptions) are varied over a relevant range of values.
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identify the uncertain parameters, specify plausible range, decide on form of sensitivity analysis
What are the 3 steps in a sensitivity analysis?
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one-way sensitivity analysis
–Estimates for each parameter are varied one at a time in order to investigate the impact on study results
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multi-way sensitivity analysis
–Estimates for more than one parameter are varied at the same time
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inflation
For costs accrued in the past, adjusting for ______ is necessary.
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micro-costing, DRG, diagnosis-specific, average per diem
Order the different costing measures from most precise to least precise.
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Micro-costing
-each component of resource use (lab tests, days of stay, drugs) is estimated and a unit cost derived for each item.
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DRG
-gives the cost for each category of case or hospital patient. Takes account of length of stay. Precision depends on the level of detail in specifying the types of cases
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Disease-specific
-gives the average daily cost for treatments in each disease category. These may still be quite broad
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average per diem
-averages the per diem over all categories of patients. Most available.
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costing
-the process of identifying the costs of a disease and/or its associated treatment, and of breaking them down, and relating them to the various aspects of the disease and treatment
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identification of costs relevant to study, measurement of resources used, valuation of resources
What are the 3 tasks of determining cost?
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a
Which discounting rate gives less weight to future costs?
a) higher discount rate
b) lower discount rate
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b
Which discount rate gives more weight to the future costs?
a) higher discount rate
b) lower discount rate
