weeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeow-
what glands are present in the external acoustic meatus?
ceruminous glands
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what composes the outer ear?
auricle
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
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what does the tympanic membrane do?
transfers sound energy to the middle ear
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what is the roof of the middle ear cavity?
epitympanic access
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what allows for communication with mastoid air cells housed in the mastoid process?
mastoid antrum in middle ear
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what is the importance of the eustachian tube?
equalizes pressure in middle ear cavity with external air pressure allowing the eardrum to vibrate freely
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where are the auditory ossicles located?
what are they?
middle ear
malleus
incus
stapes
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what transmits the vibratory motion of the tympanic membrane to the oval window?
stapes
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what two muscles minimize damage to hearing receptors?
tensor tympani
stapedius
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what are the two divisions of the internal ear?
bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
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what fills the bony labyrinth?
perilymph
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what fills the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
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state two functions of perilymph and endolymph
conduct sound vibrations
respond to mechanical forces occurring during changes in body position and acceleration
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what are the three regions of the bony labyrinth?
vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea
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what are the two membranous labyrinth sacs suspended in the vestibular perilymph?
saccule
utricle
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what is housed within the saccule and utricle?
maculae
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what structure responds to the pull of gravity and reports to changes in head position?
maculae
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what are the three semicircular canals?
lateral semicircular canal
anterior semicircular canal
posterior semicircular canal
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what is found within each semicircular duct of the semicircular canals?
crista ampullaris
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what is the function of the crista ampullaris?
responds to rotational movements of the head
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what is the membranous structure within the cochlea?
cochlear duct
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what is housed within the scala media of the cochlear duct?
spiral organ
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what are the cells of the spiral organ?
cochlear hair cells
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Afferent fibers of the __________ coil around the bases of the hair cells and runs from the __________ through the modiolus of the brain
cochlear nerve
spiral organ
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what three chambers composes the cavity of the cochlea?
scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani
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what liquid is found in the scala vestibuli?
perilymph
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what liquid is found within the scala media?
endolymph
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what liquid is found within the scala tympani?
perilymph
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scala tympani and scala vestibuli are continuous with each other at the cochlear apex region called the ______________
helicotrema
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what is the roof of the cochlear duct?
what does it contain?
what does this structure secrete?
vestibular membrane
stria vascularis
endolymph
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what is the floor of the scala media of the cochlear duct?
what is its function
basilar membrane
supports the spiral organ in sound reception
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what are the hair cells of the macula?
stereocilia
kinocilium
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where are the hairs of the macula embedded in?
what does this jelly-like mass structure contain?
what are their function?
otolith membrane
otoliths
increase the membrane's weight and its resistance to changes in motion or inertia
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in the utricle the macula is ________
this allows the utricular macula to respond best to acceleration in the _____________________________
horizontal
horizontal plane and tilting the head
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in the saccule the macula is nearly _______
this allows the saccular maculae to respond best to _______________________________________
vertical
vertical movements
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when hairs bend toward kinocilium the:
hair cells ________
increases the _____________
depolarize
amount of neurotransmitters released
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when hairs bend away kinocilium
receptors ___________
release less _____________
hyperpolarize
neurotransmitters
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instead of an otolith membrane, the crista ampullares has a pointed cap structure called the _______________
ampullary cupula
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how are receptors of the crista ampullares activated?
flowing endolymph bending the ampullary cupula and exciting the hair cells
