Social philosophy

Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence that seeks to answer basic questions about law and legal systems, such as "What is law?", "What are the criteria for legal validity?", "What is the relationship between law and morality?", and many other similar questions.

The invisible hand is a term used by Adam Smith to describe the unintended social benefits of individual actions.

Eurocentrism (also "Western-centrism") is political term coined in the 1980s, referring to the notion of European exceptionalism, a worldview centered on Western civilization, as it had developed during the height of the European colonial empires since the Early Modern period.

Herman Schmalenbach (November 15, 1885 – November 3, 1950) was a German philosopher who refined the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Bund.

Societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general.

Oskar Negt (German pronunciation: [ˈneːkt]; born 1 August 1934 in Kapkeim, East Prussia) is a philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory.

Mihailo Marković, PhD (Serbian Cyrillic: Михаило Марковић; 24 February 1923 – 7 February 2010) was a Serbian philosopher who gained prominence in the 1960s and 1970s as a proponent of the Praxis School, a Marxist humanist movement that originated in Yugoslavia.

Plutocracy (from Greek πλοῦτος, ploutos, meaning "wealth", and κράτος, kratos, meaning "power, dominion, rule") or plutarchy, is a form of oligarchy and defines a society ruled or controlled by the small minority of the wealthiest citizens.

Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations.

A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος, alternatively, cacotopia, kakotopia, or simply anti-utopia) is a community or society that is undesirable or frightening.

A Punishment is meted out by the Authority as an imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, in response and deterrent to a particular action or behaviour that is deemed unacceptable, threatening to some norm and/or breaks the rules or laws by which the social group is governed.

Jurisprudence is the science, study, and theory of law.

Social alienation, a sociological concept developed by several classical and contemporary theorists, is "a condition in social relationships reflected by a low degree of integration or common values and a high degree of distance or isolation between individuals, or between an individual and a group of people in a community or work environment".

Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists.

Meritocracy (merit, from Latin mereō "I earn" and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος kratos "strength, power") is a political philosophy holding that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively based on ability and talent.

Anomie (/ˈænəˌmi/) is a "condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals".

The Golden Rule or law of reciprocity is the principle of treating others as one would wish to be treated oneself.

Social constructionism or the social construction of reality (also social concept) is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.

Postcolonialism or postcolonial studies is an academic discipline that analyzes, explains, and responds to the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism.

The Three Principles of the People, also translated as Three People's Principles, San-min Doctrine, or Tridemism is a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation.

The Will, generally, is that faculty of the mind which selects, at the moment of decision, the strongest desire from among the various desires present.

Tabula rasa (/ˈtæbjələ ˈrɑːsə, -zə, ˈreɪ-/) refers to the epistemological idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.

Semantics (from Ancient Greek: σημαντικός sēmantikos, "significant") is primarily the linguistic, and also philosophical study of meaning—in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality.

Kenneth Arrow's monograph Social Choice and Individual Values (1951, 2nd ed., 1963) and a theorem within it created modern social choice theory, a rigorous melding of social ethics and voting theory with an economic flavor.

Collective consciousness or collective conscious (French: conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.

Social exclusion, or social marginalization, is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society.

The term "present age" is a concept in the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard.

Julian Gumperz (May 12, 1898 in New York City – February 1972 in Gaylordsville, Connecticut) was a United States-born German sociologist, communist activist, publicist, and translator.

The field of social medicine seeks to: 1.

Feliks Karol Koneczny Polish pronunciation: [ˈfɛliks ˈkarɔl kɔˈnɛtʂnɨ] (November 1, 1862, Kraków – February 10, 1949, Kraków) was a Polish historian and social philosopher.

Michèle Pujol (French pronunciation: ​[miʃɛl]), born in Madaoua, Niger (20 April 1951 – 2 August 1997), was a French intellectual, feminist, economist, scholar and human rights activist who lived in British Columbia, Canada.

Historicism is a mode of thinking that assigns major significance to a specific context, such as historical period, geographical place, and local culture.

Authority is the legitimate or socially approved use of power.

Throughout modern history, a variety of influential perspectives on capitalism have shaped modern economic thought.

Henry Pachter was a maverick Marxist intellectual and a libertarian socialist activist.

Constitutional patriotism (Verfassungspatriotismus) is the idea that people should form a political attachment to the norms and values of a pluralistic liberal democratic constitution rather than a national culture or cosmopolitan society.

George Ohsawa, born Nyoichi Sakurazawa (櫻澤 如一 , October 18, 1893 – April 23, 1966), was the founder of the Macrobiotic diet and philosophy.

Criticism of capitalism ranges from expressing disagreement with the principles of capitalism in its entirety, to expressing disagreement with particular outcomes of capitalism.

Emma Rush, PhD is a lecturer in philosophy and ethics at Charles Sturt University Faculty of Arts, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, notable for her work on sexualisation of children.

Kenneth Megill is an American philosopher, trade unionist, political activist, and records and knowledge manager.

The voluntary sector or community sector (also non-profit sector or "not-for-profit" sector) is the duty of social activity undertaken by organizations that are not-for-profit and non-governmental.

Production for use is a phrase referring to the principle of economic organization and production taken as a defining criterion for a socialist economy.

The Rise of the Meritocracy is a satirical essay by British sociologist and politician Michael Young which was first published in 1958.

Frédéric Martel is a French writer, researcher and journalist.

Stefan Gandler (born 1964 in Munich) is a philosopher and social scientist.

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B.

The Institute for Social Research (German: Institut für Sozialforschung, IfS) is a research organization for sociology and continental philosophy, best known as the institutional home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory.

Effective altruism (also referred to as EA) is a philosophy and social movement that applies evidence and reason to determining the most effective ways to improve the world.

The positivism dispute (German: Positivismusstreit) was a political-philosophical dispute between the critical rationalists (Karl Popper, Hans Albert) and the Frankfurt School (Theodor Adorno, Jürgen Habermas) in 1961, about the methodology of the social sciences.

Gianfranco Sanguinetti (born July 16, 1948, Pully, Switzerland), was a writer and member of the Situationist International (SI), a political art movement.

Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future is a 2004 non-fiction book by bioethicist and sociologist James Hughes, which articulates democratic transhumanism as a socio-political ideology and program.

Articles in social and political philosophy include:(See also: List of social and political philosophers)