Rheumatology

Synovia, more often called synovial fluid, is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints.

Antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS or APLS), or often also Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antiphospholipid antibodies.

Vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure.

Gout is usually characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis—a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), is the most common form of arthritis in children and adolescents.

Rheumatic fever (RF), also known as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain.

Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain) literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), also known as Armenian disease, is a hereditary inflammatory disorder.

Psoriatic arthritis (also arthritis psoriatica, arthropathic psoriasis or psoriatic arthropathy) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that will develop in between 6 and 42% of people who have the chronic skin condition psoriasis.

Microscopic polyangiitis is an ill-defined autoimmune disease characterized by a systemic, pauci-immune, necrotizing, small-vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.

Morphea, also known as "localized scleroderma", or "circumscribed scleroderma", involves isolated patches of hardened skin with no internal organ involvement.

Muckle–Wells syndrome (MWS), also known as urticaria-deafness-amyloidosis syndrome (UDA), is a rare autosomal dominant disease which causes sensorineural deafness, recurrent hives, and can lead to amyloidosis.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is the autoantibody (antibody directed against an organism's own tissues) that was first found in rheumatoid arthritis.

Hypermobility describes joints that stretch further than normal.

Facet syndrome is a syndrome in which the facet joints (synovial diarthroses, from C2 to S1) cause back pain.

Polyarteritis nodosa, also known as panarteritis nodosa, periarteritis nodosa, Kussmaul disease, Kussmaul-Maier disease or PAN, is a systemic vasculitis of small- or medium-sized muscular arteries, typically involving renal and visceral vessels but sparing the pulmonary circulation.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue.

CREST syndrome, also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) is a multisystem connective tissue disorder.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), is a systemic disorder that involves both granulomatosis and polyangiitis.

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), also known as IgA vasculitis, anaphylactoid purpura, purpura rheumatica, and Schönlein–Henoch purpura, is a disease of the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes other organs that most commonly affects children.

Sclerodactyly is a localized thickening and tightness of the skin of the fingers or toes.

Stickler syndrome (hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy) is a group of genetic disorders affecting connective tissue, specifically collagen.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes (the most common type of white blood cell) and monocytes.

A tophus (Latin: "stone", plural tophi) is a deposit of uric acid crystals, in the form of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid in the blood).

A connective tissue disease is any disease that has the connective tissues of the body as a target of pathology.

Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (also known as systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA)) is a type of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with extra-articular manifestations like fever and rash apart from arthritis.

SAPHO syndrome includes a variety of inflammatory bone disorders that may be associated with skin changes.

Neuropathic arthropathy (or neuropathic osteoarthropathy), also known as Charcot joint (often "Charcot foot"), refers to progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint, a process marked by bony destruction, bone resorption, and eventual deformity.

Marshall syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue which can cause hearing loss.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), also known as chronic myofascial pain (CMP), is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain in multiple myofascial trigger points ("knots") and fascial (connective tissue) constrictions.

Palindromic rheumatism (PR) consists of sudden and rapidly developing attacks of arthritis.

A GALS screen is an examination used by doctors and other healthcare professionals to detect locomotor abnormalities and functional disability relating to gait, arms, legs and the spine.

Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards.

Monoarthritis is inflammation (arthritis) of one joint at a time.

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever (HIDS) is a periodic fever syndrome originally described in 1984 by the internist Jos van der Meer, then at Leiden University Medical Centre.

Lupus nephritis (also known as SLE nephritis) is an inflammation of the kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.

Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's is a medical condition in which there are episodes of reduced blood flow due to spasm of arteries.

An overlap syndrome is an autoimmune disease of connective tissue in which a patient presents with symptoms of two or more diseases.

Reynolds syndrome is a rare secondary laminopathy, consisting of the combination of primary biliary cirrhosis and progressive systemic sclerosis.

Scleromyositis or the PM/Scl overlap syndrome is a complex autoimmune disease (a disease in which the immune system attacks the body).

Wissler's syndrome (or Wissler's disease or Wissler-Fanconi syndrome) is a rheumatic disease that has a similar presentation to sepsis.

Juvenile arthritis, also known as Childhood arthritis (JA), is any form of arthritis or arthritis-related conditions which affects individuals under the age of 16.

Knee pain is a common complaint for many people.

Enthesitis is inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone.

Retinal vasculitis is inflammation of the vascular branches of the retinal artery, caused either by primary ocular disease processes, or as a specific presentation of any systemic form of vasculitis such as Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, or any form of systemic nectrozing vasculitis such as temporal arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis, or due to lupus erythematosus, or rheumatoid arthritis.

Cerebral vasculitis or central nervous system vasculitis (sometimes the word angiitis is used instead of "vasculitis") is vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessel wall) involving the brain and occasionally the spinal cord.

Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, cranial arteritis, or Horton disease is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels most commonly involving large and medium arteries of the head, predominantly the branches of the external carotid artery.

Plica syndrome (also known as synovial plica syndrome) is a condition which occurs when a plica (an extension of the protective synovial capsule of the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed.

Harrison Syndrome is a type of chronic gout associated with presence of tophi.

Anti-synthetase syndrome is a rare medical syndrome associated with interstitial lung disease, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis and other autoimmune diseases.

Livedoid vasculopathy (also known as "Livedoid vasculitis", "Livedo reticularis with summer/winter ulceration" and "Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis") is a chronic cutaneous disease seen predominantly in young to middle-aged women.

Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (abbreviated NOMID, also known as chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome, or CINCA) is a rare genetic periodic fever syndrome which causes uncontrolled inflammation in multiple parts of the body starting in the newborn period.

TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (also known as TRAPS, Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome or familial Hibernian fever) is a periodic fever syndrome associated with mutations in a receptor for the molecule tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that is inheritable in an autosomal dominant manner.

Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin.

A periosteal reaction is the formation of new bone in response to injury or other stimuli of the periosteum surrounding the bone.

Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis.