Public finance

Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.

A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.

A government budget is a government document presenting the government's proposed revenues and spending for a financial year that is often passed by the legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by the Finance Minister to the nation.

A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund investing in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity fund or hedge funds.

The Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute or SWF Institute, or SWFI, is a global corporation analyzing public asset owners such as sovereign wealth funds and other long-term governmental investors.

Association of Public Treasurers of the United States and Canada (APTUSC) is the professional society of active public treasurers of counties, provinces, cities, and special districts in the United States and Canada.

The Centre has taken on the lead for the national counter fraud and anti-corruption strategy for local government 'Fighting Fraud Locally' and will develop new tools and services for the public sector on counter fraud and anti-corruption as well as providing thought leadership and horizon scanning.

The Government Finance Officers Association of Texas (or GFOAT) is a professional association of state, county, and local government finance officers in Texas.

CIPFA has 14,000 members who work throughout the public services, in national audit agencies, in major accountancy firms, and in other bodies where public money needs to be managed.

The flypaper effect is a concept from the field of public finance that suggests that a government grant to a recipient municipality increases the level of local public spending more than an increase in local income of an equivalent size.

Prosper Australia is a non-profit association incorporated in the State of Victoria, Australia dedicated to reforming taxes onto land, as articulated by Adam Smith, the Physiocrats, John Stuart Mill, and most notably by Henry George in Progress and Poverty.

Public Resources Advisory Group (PRAG) is a financial and investment advisory firm headquartered in New York City, with offices in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, St.

Fiscal transparency refers to the publication of information on how governments raise, spend, and manage public resources.

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit–cost analysis (BCA), is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives (for example in transactions, activities, functional business requirements); it is used to determine options that provide the best approach to achieve benefits while preserving savings.

The International Fiscal Association (IFA) was established in 1938 as the only non-governmental and non-sectoral international organisation dealing with fiscal matters.

California Municipal Treasurers Association (CMTA) is the professional society of active public treasurers of California counties, cities, and special districts.

The California Society of Municipal Finance Officers (or CSMFO) is a professional association of state, county, and local government finance officers in California.