Proteins

Casein (/ˈkeɪs.ɪn/ or /ˈkeɪˌsiːn/, from Latin caseus, "cheese") is the name for a family of related phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ).

The cystatins are a family of cysteine protease inhibitors which share a sequence homology and a common tertiary structure of an alpha helix lying on top of an anti-parallel beta sheet.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene.

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.

A desmosine cross-link is formed from three allysyl side chains plus one unaltered lysyl side chain from the same or neighbouring polypeptides.

Nucleoproteins are any proteins that are structurally associated with nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA.

Protamines are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histones late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis and are believed essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization.

Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair.

Tryptophan repressor (or trp repressor) is a transcription factor involved in controlling amino acid metabolism.

Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are copper-containing oxidase enzymes that are found in many plants, fungi, and microorganisms.

A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain.

Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein that has been found in almost all tissues (ubiquitously) of eukaryotic organisms.

Cyclins are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.

Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function.

Neurexin (NRXN) is a presynaptic protein that helps to connect neurons at the synapse.

The synapsins are a family of proteins that have long been implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses.

An electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or electron transfer flavoprotein complex (CETF) is a flavoprotein located on the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions as a specific electron acceptor for primary dehydrogenases, transferring the electrons to terminal respiratory systems such as electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase.

Thymidine kinase from herpesvirus is a sub-family of thymidine kinases.

Cucurbitin is an amino acid and a carboxypyrrolidine that is found in Cucurbita seeds.

In molecular biology Caveolins are a family of integral membrane proteins that are the principal components of caveolae membranes and involved in receptor-independent endocytosis.

Barstar is a small protein synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

(Not to be confused with mTORC1.) CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1), previously referred to as TORC1 (Transducer Of Regulated CREB activity 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRTC1 gene.

Presenilins are a family of related multi-pass transmembrane proteins which constitute the catalytic subunits of the gamma-secretase intramembrane protease complex.

The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated pRb; gene name abbreviated RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers.

Avidin is a tetrameric biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs.

Protein A is a 42 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding albumin protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa).

Lysosomal trafficking regulator is a vesicular transport protein associated with Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.

Thaumatin is a low-calorie sweetener and flavour modifier.

Not to be confused with Tautopathy, which is a controversial alternative medicine practice similar to Homeopathy.

Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles.

Synaptobrevins (synaptobrevin isotypes 1-2) are small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family.

Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a large (~450 residues, ~49 kDa), acidic (pI ~4.7), leucine-rich repeat protein that forms extremely tight complexes with certain ribonucleases.

Angiogenin (Ang) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a small 123 amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene.

Barnase (a portmanteau of "BActerial" "RiboNucleASE") is a bacterial protein that consists of 110 amino acids and has ribonuclease activity.

Alpha defensins are a family of mammalian defensin peptides.

The legume lectins (or L-type lectins) are a family of sugar binding proteins or lectins found in the seeds and, in smaller amounts, in the roots, stems, leaves and bark of plants belonging to the Fabaceae family.

Cohesin is a protein complex that regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division, either mitosis or meiosis.

DUF1220 is a protein domain of unknown function that shows a striking human lineage-specific (HLS) increase in copy number and may be important to human brain evolution.

14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

F-box proteins are proteins containing at least one F-box domain.

Fascin is an actin cross-linking protein.

Streptavidin /ˌstrɛpˈtævɪdɪn/ is a 52.

Oleosins are structural proteins found in vascular plant oil bodies and in plant cells.

Paxillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PXN gene.

Calponin is a calcium binding protein.

Transcription factor II E (TFIIE) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.

Transcription factor IIF (TFIIF) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.

Presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial also known as mitochondrial intramembrane cleaving protease PARL is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the PARL gene on chromosome 3.

Pleckstrin is a protein found in platelets.

Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH ("sonic hedgehog") gene.

The glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) also known as glucokinase (hexokinase 4) regulator (GCKR) is a protein produced in hepatocytes (liver cells).

Protein L was first isolated from the surface of bacterial species Peptostreptococcus magnus and was found to bind immunoglobulins through L chain interaction, from which the name was suggested.

In molecular biology, LSm proteins are a family of RNA-binding proteins found in virtually every cellular organism.

Proteorhodopsin (also known as pRhodopsin) is a family of over 50 photoactive retinylidene proteins, a larger family of transmembrane proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light-mediated functionality, in this case, a proton pump.

Dockerin is a protein domain found in the cellulosome cellular structure.

Cathepsin C (CTSC) also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP-I) is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1 family.

'ENA/VASP Homology proteins' or 'EVH' proteins are a family of closely related proteins involved in cell motility in vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1) is a protein gene product originally identified in the Notch signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans as a regulator of the cell-surface localization of nicastrin.

OSM-9 also known as OSMotic avoidance abnormal family member 9 is a protein which in the nematode worm C.

Cyclin A is a member of the cyclin family, a group of proteins that function in regulating progression through the cell cycle.

Cyclin B is a member of the cyclin family.

Chordin is a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist composed of four small cysteine-rich domains, whose function is not known.

Oprozomib (codenamed ONX 0912 and PR-047) is an orally active second-generation proteasome inhibitor developed by Onyx Pharmaceuticals, an Amgen subsidiary.

Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly.

Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes.

MuSK (for Muscle-Specific Kinase) is a receptor tyrosine kinase required for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction.

The BH3 interacting-domain death agonist, or BID, gene is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family.

Carboxypeptidase A usually refers to the pancreatic exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds of C-terminal residues with aromatic or aliphatic side-chains.

Ribosome Recycling Factor (RRF) is a protein found in bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts.

VEGF receptors are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

The Methanosarcinales S-layer Tile Protein (MSTP) is a protein family found almost exclusively in Methanomicrobia members of the order Methanosarcinales.

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box.

Complexin (also known as synaphin) refers to a one of a small set of eukaryotic cytoplasmic neuronal proteins which binds to the SNARE protein complex (SNAREpin) with a high affinity.

A late protein is a viral protein that is formed after replication of the virus.

Cdc4 (cell division control protein 4) is a substrate recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, which acts as a mediator of ubiquitin transfer to target proteins, leading to their subsequent degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Chimerin 1, (CHN1) also known as alpha-1-chimerin, n-chimerin is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CHN1 gene.

Ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (URM1) is a ubiquitin related protein that modifies proteins in the yeast ubiquitin-like urmylation pathway.