prelecture part 2

Role of CNS in respiration

Network of neurons that extends in the ventral brain stem from the spinal cord to the pons medulla junction

Role of CNS in respiration

Rhythm generating and integrative center

Role of CNS in respiration

____________ ____________ ____________

___________ __________

Impulses travel along ________ and _________ nerves to excite ________________ and ___________ ___________ muscles

Role of CNS in respiration

_________________ _______________ ____________

__________ ____________

Impulses causes output to _______ and ___________ occurs as ________________ muscles _______ and lungs _______

Role of CNS in respiration

what generates gasping during severe hypoxia to restore O2 to the brain?

Role of CNS in respiration

when does respiration stop?

Role of CNS in respiration

_____________ ______________ _______________

Located dorsally near root of cranial nerve IX (______________)

Role of CNS in respiration

_______________ _____________ ____________

________ input from __________ and _________ chemoreceptors 

Communicates this with ____

Role of CNS in respiration

___________ ___________ ______________

Receives input from higher brain centers and various sensory receptors 

Influence and modify the activity of __________ _________ 

__________ out the transition from ___________ to __________ and vice versa 

____________ impulses to ____ of medulla

Modifies and fine-tunes breathing rhythms during ____________ , ______, and _______

Role of the larynx in voice production 1/6

_______ _______ _______ and ________ ___ ________ changes with the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Most of these muscles move ___________ cartilages

Role of the larynx in voice production 2/6

As________ and __________ changes in ______ ________ change so does the sound

The _______ the vocal cords the faster they ______ and the higher the _______

Role of the larynx in voice production 3/6

Loudness of voice depends on the force at which ___ _____ _____ ______ ______

The greater the _____, the stronger the _________, the ______ the sound

Role of the larynx in voice production 4/6

Perceived quality of voice depends on: 

Length of ________

__________ _________ to __________ and _________ sound quality 

Role of the larynx in voice production 5/6

_____ , _____ , and _____ cavities 

_______ ___________

Role of the larynx in voice production 6/6

_________ in the __________ , _______ , _____ _______, and the ___ the shape the sound

_____________

_________ _______

Function

Produced by the pleura and fills the slit-like pleural cavity

____________ secretion that allows the ________ to glide easily over the _________ ________ during _____________ ____________

________ __________ of _________ _________ resists ____________ of the pleura

______________ Stimulation 

Dilates ____________

Decreased ________ ___________ 

Increases airflow to ________

______________ Stimulation 

Constricts ______________

Increased __ _____ _________

Decreases airflow to ______

Hemoglobin

Structure

_____

___ pigment

Each Heme group contains an _____ ___ in the center

__ total 

Hemoglobin

Structure

______

Four ____________ ______

Two _____ (α)

Two _____ (β)

Surface Tension 1/5

___-______ _________

Molecules of the ______ are more strongly attracted to each other than ___ molecules 

__________ _________ produces _________ at the ______ _______

Draws the liquid molecules closer and reduces contact with gas molecules 

Resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid

Surface Tension 2/5

_______ is a major component of what coats the __________ ____

 Because of the ________ ______, water is always __________ the _______ to their _______ possible size

Surface Tension 3/5

If the film coating the ________ were pure _____ it would __________ the _________ between breaths due to _________ __________

Surface Tension 4/5

__________ _____ contains ___________

Detergent-like complex of _______ and ________ produced by ____ ___ _______ ____

Surface Tension 5/5

_____________

__________ the ___________ of ______ molecules 

Decreases the amount of _________ _________ in the alveolar fluid discouraging ________ _________

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gasses is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in a mixture 

________ exerted by each ___ is a ________ __________

Atmospheric Pressure at sea level

__________ ___________ ___________ ________ ______________

( ____ ___ __ )

Atmosphere (Sea Level)

Gas: Nitrogen (N2)

Percentage: ____

Partial pressure _____

Atmosphere (Sea Level)

Gas: Oxygen (O2)

Percentage: ____

Partial pressure _____

_______________ __________

Pressure in the alveoli

Always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure

760 mm Hg

_____________ ____________

Pressure in the pleural cavity 

Always 4mm Hg less than Ppul

(756 mm Hg)

Why intrapleural pressure is lower (1/3)

Two forces act to pull the _________ _______ (lungs) away from the _______ _____ (parietal pleura) causing the lungs to collapse 

1. Lungs’ natural tendency to ________ makes them assume the _________ size possible

2. _______ _________ of ________ ________ makes them assume the smallest size possible

Why intrapleural pressure is lower (2/3)

Two forces act to pull the visceral pleura (lungs) away from the thorax wall (parietal pleura) causing the lungs to collapse 

1. Lungs’ natural tendency to recoil makes them assume the smallest size possible

2. Surface tension of alveolar fluid makes them assume the smallest size possible

These _____ __________ ______ are opposed by the natural _________ of the ______ ______

Force that tends to pull the thorax outward and enlarge the lungs 

Why intrapleural pressure is lower (3/3)

______ _____ acts as an _________ force between the _____ and ________ ____

Allows _______ to slide but causes them to remain ______ together 

Requires _________ ________ ___ __________

Net result of these forces is a _________ ______________

_ ___ __ less than _________________ __________  and the atmospheric pressure it is equal to

Pulmonary Circulation 

_____________ _______

 transports ___-poor and ___-laden blood to the ______ for oxygenation and carbon dioxide _________

Bronchial Circulation 

___________ __________

Arise from _____

Enter lungs at _____ 

Run along ___________ _____

Provide ___________ _________ _______ to all _____ ______ except ________

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 

The amount of ________ carried by ________ depends on the amount of ________ _________ _________ (P_O2)

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 

If more _______ is ______

More _______ is _______

In the lungs P_O2 is at 100 mm Hg

Causes hemoglobin to be almost fully saturated with O₂ at 98%

4 bound oxygen molecules 

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 

In the lungs P_O2 is at ___ __ __

Causes _____________ to be almost fully saturated with _O2 at ____

_ ______ ________ ____________

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 

In the tissues of other organs P_O2 is lower at __ __ __

Causes ___________ to be less saturated with O₂ at ___

_ ______ _______ ___________

____________ __________ ____________ ________________(COPD)

Irreversible ___________ in the ability to _______ ___ ____ of the _____