2024-12-11T03:53:27+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Active Immunity, Antibody, Antigen Presentation, B Lymphocyte (B Cell), Chemotaxis, Compliment System, Cytokines, Dendritic Cells, Histamines, Innate Immunity, Lymph Node, Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Membrane Attack Complexes, Natural Killer Cells, Opsonization, Phagocytosis, Barrier Protection, Biopotential Stage, Blastulation, Cervix, Clitoris, Corpus Luteum, Egg, Embryo, Endometrium, Estradiol/Estrogen, Fallopian Tube (Oviduct), Fertilization, Fetus, Follicle, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Gamete, Gastrulation, Gonads, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Implantation, Inhibin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Meiosis, Menses/Menstruation, Oogonia, Ovaries, Ovulation, Polar Body, Progesterone, Spermatogenesis, Spermatozoa, Zygote, Epididymis, Flagella, Penis, Prostate, Scrotum, Seminal Vesicle, Testes, Vas Deferens, Labia (Majora and Minora), Uterus, Vagina, Vulva, Peyer’s Patches, Placenta, SRY Region, Thymus, Tonsils, Umbilical Cord, Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity, Active vs. Passive Immunity, Naturally vs. Artificially Acquired Immunity, Antigen Presentation, Inflammation, Lymphatic System, Male and Female Anatomy, Gametogenesis, Menstrual Cycle, Ovulation and Fertilization, Pregnancy, Puberty flashcards
Physiology final study guide

Physiology final study guide

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  • Active Immunity
    Immunity developed from exposure to antigens, leading to antibody production.
  • Antibody
    Protein produced by B cells to neutralize or destroy pathogens.
  • Antigen Presentation
    Process where immune cells display antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response.
  • B Lymphocyte (B Cell)
    White blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.
  • Chemotaxis
    Movement of cells toward chemical signals, typically at infection sites.
  • Compliment System
    A group of proteins that assist in destroying pathogens.
  • Cytokines
    Signaling proteins that regulate immune responses.
  • Dendritic Cells
    Antigen-presenting cells that activate T cells.
  • Histamines
    Chemicals released by mast cells causing inflammation.
  • Innate Immunity
    Non-specific defense mechanisms active from birth.
  • Lymph Node
    Small structures that filter lymph and house immune cells.
  • Lymphocyte
    White blood cells (B and T cells) involved in adaptive immunity.
  • Macrophage
    Large immune cells that engulf pathogens via phagocytosis.
  • Membrane Attack Complexes
    Structures formed by complement proteins to lyse pathogens.
  • Natural Killer Cells
    Immune cells that destroy infected or cancerous cells.
  • Opsonization
    Coating pathogens with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis.
  • Phagocytosis
    The engulfing and digestion of pathogens by immune cells.
  • Barrier Protection
    Physical and chemical defenses like skin and mucus.
  • Biopotential Stage
    Early embryonic stage where sex organs can develop as male or female.
  • Blastulation
    Formation of a blastula (hollow ball of cells) in early embryonic development.
  • Cervix
    Lower part of the uterus, opening into the vagina.
  • Clitoris
    Female erectile tissue.
  • Corpus Luteum
    Temporary endocrine structure producing progesterone after ovulation.
  • Egg
    Female gamete.
  • Embryo
    Early developmental stage following fertilization.
  • Endometrium
    Uterine lining that thickens for potential implantation.
  • Estradiol/Estrogen
    Hormones regulating female reproductive functions.
  • Fallopian Tube (Oviduct)
    Tubes through which eggs travel to the uterus.
  • Fertilization
    Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote.
  • Fetus
    Developing human after the embryonic stage.
  • Follicle
    Structure in ovaries housing developing eggs.
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
    Hormone stimulating gamete production.
  • Gamete
    Reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
  • Gastrulation
    Formation of three germ layers in an embryo.
  • Gonads
    Organs producing gametes (ovaries or testes).
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
    Hormone maintaining the corpus luteum during pregnancy.
  • Implantation
    Attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall.
  • Inhibin
    Hormone that regulates FSH levels.
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    Hormone triggering ovulation.
  • Meiosis
    Cell division producing gametes.
  • Menses/Menstruation
    Shedding of the uterine lining.
  • Oogonia
    Immature female reproductive cells.
  • Ovaries
    Female gonads producing eggs and hormones.
  • Ovulation
    Release of an egg from the ovary.
  • Polar Body
    Small byproduct of oocyte division.
  • Progesterone
    Hormone supporting pregnancy.
  • Spermatogenesis
    Production of sperm.
  • Spermatozoa
    Mature sperm cells.
  • Zygote
    Fertilized egg cell.
  • Epididymis
    Stores and matures sperm.
  • Flagella
    Tail-like structure aiding sperm movement.
  • Penis
    Male reproductive organ.
  • Prostate
    Gland producing seminal fluid.
  • Scrotum
    External pouch housing testes.
  • Seminal Vesicle
    Gland contributing to semen.
  • Testes
    Male gonads producing sperm and testosterone.
  • Vas Deferens
    Tube transporting sperm.
  • Labia (Majora and Minora)
    External folds protecting the vaginal opening.
  • Uterus
    Organ supporting embryo and fetus development.
  • Vagina
    Birth canal and reproductive tract.
  • Vulva
    External female genitalia.
  • Peyer’s Patches
    Immune tissue in the small intestine.
  • Placenta
    Organ exchanging nutrients and waste between mother and fetus.
  • SRY Region
    Gene determining male development.
  • Thymus
    Organ where T cells mature.
  • Tonsils
    Lymphatic tissue protecting against pathogens.
  • Umbilical Cord
    Connects fetus to placenta.
  • Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
    Innate is immediate and non-specific; adaptive is specific and involves memory.
  • Active vs. Passive Immunity
    Active is developed by exposure to antigens; passive is acquired through antibodies from another source.
  • Naturally vs. Artificially Acquired Immunity
    Naturally acquired through infection; artificially through vaccination.
  • Antigen Presentation
    Essential for activating adaptive immunity.
  • Inflammation
    Body’s response to injury or infection.
  • Lymphatic System
    Filters lymph and supports immune responses.
  • Male and Female Anatomy
    Understand structures and their functions.
  • Gametogenesis
    Differences in sperm and egg production.
  • Menstrual Cycle
    Phases (follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation) and hormone roles.
  • Ovulation and Fertilization
    Events leading to zygote formation.
  • Pregnancy
    Role of hormones, placenta development, and implantation.
  • Puberty
    Hormonal changes triggering sexual maturity.