2022-08-31T00:39:57+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>Autocrine signaling </p>, <p>Paracrine Signaling</p>, <p>Endocrine Signaling</p>, <p>Synaptic Signaling</p>, <p>Hydrophobic messengers</p>, <p>Hydrophilic Messengers</p>, <p>Preprohormones </p>, <p>Biogenic amine messengers</p>, <p>Cholesterols</p>, <p>Agonist</p>, <p>Antagonist</p>, <p>alpha receptors</p>, <p>beta 2 receptors </p>, <p>Down-regulation</p>, <p>Up-regulation</p>, <p>High-affinity ligand binding </p>, <p>Low-affinity ligand binding </p>, <p>G protein coupled receptors</p>, <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p>, <p>a, b</p>, <p>Transient event</p>, <p>Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor</p>, <p>Inward flow of Na+ ions</p>, <p>Stimulus</p>, <p>Sensor or Receptor; threshold</p>, <p>Threshold</p>, <p>Afferent pathway</p>, <p>Integrating center</p>, <p>Efferent pathway</p>, <p>Effector</p>, <p>lacks</p>, <p>Microvilli</p> flashcards
Physio-patho 2

Physio-patho 2

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  • Autocrine signaling

    occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity

  • Paracrine Signaling

    acts on nearby cells

  • Endocrine Signaling

    relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body

  • Synaptic Signaling

    occurs in the nervous system where neurotransmitters act only on adjacent nerve cells

  • Hydrophobic messengers

    can diffuse freely across cell membrane

  • Hydrophilic Messengers

    cannot diffuse across the cell membrane (receptors required)

  • Preprohormones

    Peptide messengers are synthesized as large inactive polypeptides

  • Biogenic amine messengers

    -require specific receptors

    -can't cross plasma membrane

    -too large

    -carry a charge physiological pH

  • Cholesterols

    Hormones are synthesized from what?

  • Agonist

    A ligand that binds to a receptor and it activates the receptor

  • Antagonist

    A ligand that binds to a receptor and it does not active the receptor

  • alpha receptors

    -line intestinal blood vessels

    -when epinephrine binds; vessels vasoconstrict

  • beta 2 receptors

    -located on some skeletal muscle vessels

    -when epinephrine binds; vessels vasodilate

  • Down-regulation

    decrease receptor number to desensitize cell response

  • Up-regulation

    increase receptor number to sensitize cell response

  • High-affinity ligand binding

    results from greater intermolecular force between the ligand and its receptor

  • Low-affinity ligand binding

    results from lesser intermolecular force between the ligand and its receptor

  • G protein coupled receptors

    -found only in eukaryotes, yeast, and animals

    -coupled to trimeric G proteins and function as guanine exchange factors to transduce signal

  • Ligand-gated ion channels

    -involved in the detection of neurotransmitters and peptide hormones used in synaptic signaling on electrically excitable cells

  • a, b

    What happens when a ligand binds to a ligand-gated ion channel? Select all that apply.

    a) undergo a conformational change; forming a water tunnel allowing passage of specific molecules to enter

    b) alters ion permeability and charge across plasma membrane

    c) causes cell membrane to have a negative charge

    d) doesn't undergo conformational change unless specific charge is also applied

  • Transient event

    ion channels open for a short time, after which the ligand dissociates from the receptor and the receptor is available once again for a new ligand to bind.

  • Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

    -when acetylcholine is bound, alter the receptor's configuration and cause an internal pore to open.

    -Pore allows Na+ ions to flow in cell

  • Inward flow of Na+ ions

    depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane sufficiently to initiate an action potential.

  • Stimulus

    change in variable that sets the pathway in motion

  • Sensor or Receptor; threshold

    monitors environment for changes in variable; must reach __

  • Threshold

    minimum stimulus needed to start reflex response

  • Afferent pathway

    sends input signal to integrating center

  • Integrating center

    compares variable with set point to determine if it is out of range. If so, initiates output signal

  • Efferent pathway

    electrical or chemical signal that travels to target

  • Effector

    cell or tissue that carries out the appropriate response to bring variable back to homeostasis.

  • lacks

    Epithelium ___ blood vessels

  • Microvilli

    -finger-like extension of the plasma membrane

    -increase surface area for absorption