Physics Midterm

the SI unit of radioactivity, defined as one decay per second.

the amount of energy deposited by radiation in a material.

measures the biological effect of radiation, taking into account different types of radiation.

account for the different biological effects of various types of radiation.

measures the amount of ionizing radiation in air.

positively charged particles located in the nucleus.

add mass to the nucleus and stabilize it.

negatively charged particles found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.

the energy acquired by an electron when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 V.

involved in forming bonds and determine an atom's chemical properties.

the ability of an atom to lose or gain electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer shell.

hold structures like solar systems together but are weak at the atomic level.

responsible for processes like beta decay and is stronger than electromagnetism but short-range.

binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus and keeps quarks together.

energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles, exhibiting wave-like behavior.

massless particles of energy associated with electromagnetic radiation.

the energy required to hold nucleons together in the nucleus.

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom's shell.

occurs when the total mass of nucleons is greater than the mass of the nucleus due to energy release.

refers to the transition of an unstable nucleus to a more stable state.

the process of converting neutral atoms or molecules into ions.

adds energy to an atom, moving it from a ground state to an excited state.

involves the emission of an alpha particle (2 protons, 2 neutrons) from the nucleus.

involves the conversion of a neutron to a proton (or vice versa), emitting beta particles.

high-energy electromagnetic radiation, similar to x-rays but more penetrating.

refers to the creation of ions through the removal or addition of electrons.

can separate neutral atoms into charged particles, known as ions.

a specific isotope characterized by its atomic number and mass number (e.g., O-15).

variants of the same element with the same number of protons but different neutrons (e.g., I-123, I-125).

have the same number of neutrons but different atomic numbers (e.g., I-131, Xe-132).

have the same mass number but different atomic numbers (e.g., I-131, Xe-131).

have the same mass and atomic number but differ in energy state, often emitting gamma radiation to stabilize.

occurs when a proton is converted to a neutron, releasing a positron and neutrino.

occurs in neutron-rich nuclei, resulting in the emission of a proton and beta particle.

involves an electron combining with a proton to form a neutron, with energy released as x-rays.

transfers energy from an excited nucleus to an electron, ejecting it from the atom.

ejects an alpha particle and is common in heavy elements like uranium and thorium.

the time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.

the time it takes for half of a substance to be cleared from the body.

combines physical and biological decay rates.

graphically represent the decay process of a radionuclide, including parent and daughter products.

influenced by the half-life, the type of decay, and environmental factors.

the ratio of the activity of a radioactive sample to its mass.

contain stable isotopes of the same element, while carrier-free isotopes do not.

occurs when the decay rate of a parent equals the production rate of its daughter isotope.

happens when the daughter’s half-life is shorter than the parent’s, achieving equilibrium in several cycles.

occurs when the parent isotope has a much longer half-life than the daughter, maintaining a constant quantity.

like uranium and thorium, originate from stellar processes and remain due to long half-lives.

formed from the decay of primordial radionuclides and have shorter half-lives.

like Carbon-14, are formed by cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere.

are created through human-made processes like fission or fusion.

the splitting of atomic nuclei, releasing energy and producing smaller radionuclides.

combines atomic nuclei to form heavier elements, releasing energy in the process.

a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged particles to high energies for nuclear reactions.

measures the loss of activity due to decay over time.

the amount of radionuclide created over time in a given process.

the percentage of the desired radionuclide in a sample compared to all radioactivity present.

organic molecules that attach to a tracer element, enhancing its biomedical properties.

a radioactive compound used in diagnosis or treatment, labeled with a radionuclide.

often high-yield and may have excess neutrons and longer half-lives.

**************-produced radionuclides include I-131, Cs-137, and Sr-90.

often have short half-lives and are useful for diagnostic imaging.

allows for the production of short-lived daughter isotopes from long-lived parents.

the process of separating the daughter radionuclide from the generator.

the solution used to remove the daughter radionuclide from the generator.

sterility, distinct chemical properties from the parent, and efficient elution.

to prevent contamination and ensure patient safety.

contains fuel, control systems, and materials for heat generation.

transfers heat from the core to the turbine for electricity generation.

converts heat from the coolant into mechanical energy, generating electricity.

prevent radiation from escaping into the environment.

dissipate excess heat, often seen as hyperbolic structures.

the smaller radionuclides produced from splitting heavy atoms during fission.

occurs when neutrons are absorbed by a target nucleus, creating new isotopes.

produces a proton nucleus from neutron capture, releasing gamma radiation.

ejects a proton when a target nucleus captures a neutron.

excess neutrons and beta decay.

************-produced radionuclides include Gallium-67, Iodine-123, and Fluorine-18.

used for thyroid imaging and treatment of thyroid cancer.

used in nuclear medicine for imaging various organs due to its favorable properties.

protects personnel and the environment from harmful radiation exposure.

storage, disposal, and recycling of radioactive materials to minimize environmental impact.

set standards and guidelines to ensure the safe use of radioactive materials and protect public health.

monitor and measure radiation levels in environments to ensure safety and compliance with regulations.

can pose significant risks, requiring effective response plans to protect public health.

precision targeting techniques, personalized medicine, and improved imaging technologies for better outcomes.