Peptides

Elosulfase alfa (trade name Vimizim) is a drug for the treatment of Morquio syndrome which is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase.

Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) (developmental code name SKF-110679), also known as growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide, is one of several synthetic met-enkephalin analogues that include unnatural D-amino acids, were developed for their growth hormone-releasing activity and are called growth hormone secretagogues.

Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest families of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals.

Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.

Endothelins are peptides that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.

Kallidin is a bioactive kinin formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the action of kallikreins.

MG132 is a specific, potent, reversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor (Ki = 4 nM).

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine.

Hirudin is a naturally occurring peptide in the salivary glands of medicinal leeches (such as Hirudo medicinalis) that has a blood anticoagulant property.

The connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a short 31-amino-acid polypeptide that connects insulin's A-chain to its B-chain in the proinsulin molecule.

Diamphotoxin is a toxin produced by larvae and pupae of the beetle genus Diamphidia.

Antamanide is a cyclic decapeptide isolated from a fungus, the death cap: Amanita phalloides.

Icatibant (trade name Firazyr, alternative name Hoe 140, JE 049) is a peptidomimetic drug consisting of ten amino acids, which is a selective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors.

Melittin is the principal active component of apitoxin (bee venom) and is a powerful stimulator of phospholipase A2.

Tetracosactide (INN) (brand names Synacthen, Cortrosyn), also known as tetracosactrin (BAN) and cosyntropin (USAN), and the acetate ester, tetracosactide acetate (JAN) (brand names Cortrosina, Cortrosyn, Nuvacthen, Synacthen), also known as tetracosactrin acetate (BANM), is a synthetic peptide and analogue of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) which is used clinically as a diagnostic agent.

Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain.

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone cholecystokinin.

Cilengitide (EMD 121974) is a molecule designed and synthesized at the Technical University Munich in collaboration with Merck KGaA in Darmstadt.

Sermorelin (INN) (trade name is Geref), also known as GHRH (1-29), is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue used as a diagnostic agent.

Tynorphin is a synthetic opioid peptide which is a potent and competitive inhibitor of the enkephalinase class of enzymes which break down the endogenous enkephalin peptides.

Muramyl dipeptide is constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria composed of N-acetylmuramic acid linked by its lactic acid moiety to the N-terminus of an L-alanine D-isoglutamine dipeptide.

Netropsin (also termed congocidine or sinanomycin) is a polyamide with antibiotic and antiviral activity.

Mecasermin (INN) (trade name Increlex) is recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), which is used for the long-term treatment of growth failure in children with severe primary IGF-I deficiency.

Urodilatin is a hormone that causes natriuresis through increasing renal blood flow.

Deslorelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone super-agonist (GnRH agonist) also known as an LHRH agonist.

Leupeptin, also known as N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal, is a naturally occurring protease inhibitor that can inhibit cysteine, serine and threonine peptidases.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria.

Indolicidin is an antimicrobial peptide.

Tesamorelin (INN) (trade name Egrifta) is a synthetic form of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which is used in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) produced by enzymatic cleavage of the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G.

Amanin is a cyclic peptide.

Pasireotide (SOM230, trade name Signifor) is an orphan drug approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of Cushing's disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy.

Urotensin-II (U-II) is a peptide ligand that is the strongest known vasoconstrictor.

Dermaseptins are a family of peptides isolated from skin of the Phyllomedusa genus of frogs.

Abarelix (trade name Plenaxis) is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist).

Dirucotide (also known as MBP8298) was developed by two research scientists (Dr. Kenneth G. Warren, MD, FRCP(C) & Ingrid Catz, Senior Scientist) at the University of Alberta for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Nemifitide (INN-00835) is a novel antidepressant drug with a pentapeptide structure similar to that of melanocyte-inhibiting factor (MIF-1) and the amino acid sequence 4-F-Phe-4-OH-Pro-Arg-Gly-Trp-NH2.

Teduglutide (brand names Gattex in the US and Revestive in Europe) is a 33-membered polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog that is used for the treatment of short bowel syndrome.

Felypressin is a non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor that is chemically related to vasopressin, the posterior pituitary hormone.

Lactoferricin is an amphipathic, cationic peptide with anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties.

Voclosporin is an experimental immunosuppressant drug being developed by Isotechnika and Lux Biosciences.

Somatorelin is a diagnostic agent for determining growth hormone deficiency.

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic 19-amino acid orexigenic hypothalamic peptide originally isolated from the pituitary gland of teleost fish where it controls skin pigmentation.

Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase.

Rotigaptide (ZP-123) is a drug currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias – specifically atrial fibrillation.

Terlipressin (trade names Teripress by New Medicon Pharma and Glypressin by Ferring Pharmaceuticals) is an analogue of vasopressin used as a vasoactive drug in the management of low blood pressure.

Deltorphin I, also known as [D-Ala2]deltorphin I or deltorphin C, is a naturally-occurring, exogenous opioid heptapeptide and hence, exorphin, with the amino acid sequence Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Asp-Val-Val-Gly-NH2.

Modimelanotide (INN) (code names AP-214, ABT-719, ZP-1480) is a melanocortinergic peptide drug derived from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) which was under development by, at different times, Action Pharma, Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, and Zealand for the treatment of acute kidney injury.

Ziconotide (SNX-111; Prialt) is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.

Saralasin is a partial agonist of angiotensin II receptors, though it is commonly mistaken as a competitive antagonist.

Beefy meaty peptide, also known as delicious peptide and abbreviated as BMP, is an 8-amino acid long peptide that has been identified as giving a beefy flavour to foods in which it is present.

Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog.

N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or N-formyl-met-leu-phe) is a N-formylated tripeptide and sometimes simply referred to as chemotactic peptide is a potent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor and is also a macrophage activator.

Echinocandin B, a lipopeptide, is a naturally occurring cyclic hexapeptide with a linoleoyl side chain.

Bisin is a naturally occurring lantibiotic (an antibacterial peptide) discovered by University of Minnesota microbiologist Dan O'Sullivan.

Carbetocin (INN, BAN) (brand names Duratocin, Pabal, Lonactene, Depotocin, Comoton, Decomoton), or 1-butanoic acid-2-(O-methy-L-tyrosine)-1-carbaoxytocin, is an oxytocic used in obstetrics to control postpartum hemorrhage and bleeding after giving birth, particularly following Cesarean section.

Biphalin is a dimeric enkephalin endogenous peptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2 composed of two tetrapeptides derived from enkephalins, connected 'tail-to-tail' by a hydrazide bridge.

Amaninamide is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide.

Amanullin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide.

Promanullin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide.

The N-terminal peptide/fragment of proopiomelanocortin (NPP; N-POMC), also known as pro-γ-MSH, is a naturally-occurring, endogenous metabolite of the polypeptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC).

The neurohypophysial hormones form a family of structurally and functionally related peptide hormones.

Ophthalmic acid, also known as ophthalmate (chemically L-γ-glutamyl-L-α-aminobutyrylglycine), is a tripeptide analog of glutathione in which the cysteine group is replaced by L-2-aminobutyrate.

Peptide T is an HIV entry inhibitor discovered in 1986 by researchers at the National Institutes of Health in the United States.

Alisporivir (INN), or Debio 025, DEB025, (or UNIL-025) is a cyclophilin inhibitor.

Bivalirudin (Angiomax or Angiox, manufactured by The Medicines Company) is a specific and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI).

Melanocyte-inhibiting factor (also known as Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, Melanostatin, MSH release–inhibiting hormone or MIF-1) is an endogenous peptide fragment derived from cleavage of the hormone oxytocin, but having generally different actions in the body.

Paralytic peptides are a family of short (23 amino acids) insect peptides that halt metamorphosis of insects from larvae to pupae.

Muscarinic toxin 1 (MT1) belongs to the family of small peptides of 65 amino acid residues derived from the venom of African mamba snakes (Dendroaspis angusticeps), with dual specificity for muscarinic receptor subtypes M1 (Ki=20–35 nM) and M4 (Ki=30–72 nM).

Enfuvirtide (INN) is an HIV fusion inhibitor, the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

Lixisenatide (trade name Lyxumia in the Europe and Adlyxin in the U.S.) is a once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of diabetes type II.

Thiostrepton is a natural cyclic oligopeptide antibiotic, derived from several strains of streptomycetes, such as Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii.

Amastatin, also known as 3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-L-aspartic acid, is a naturally occurring, competitive and reversible aminopeptidase inhibitor that was isolated from Streptomyces sp.

Ipamorelin (INN) (developmental code name NNC 26-0161) is a peptide selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS) and a growth hormone secretagogue.

Examorelin (INN) (developmental code names EP-23905, MF-6003), also known as hexarelin, is a potent, synthetic, peptidic, orally-active, centrally-penetrant, and highly selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and a growth hormone secretagogue which was developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici.

Pralmorelin (INN) (brand name GHRP Kaken 100; former developmental code names KP-102, GPA-748, WAY-GPA-748), also known as pralmorelin hydrochloride (JAN) and pralmorelin dihydrochloride (USAN), as well as, notably, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2 (GHRP-2), is a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) used as a diagnostic agent that is marketed by Kaken Pharmaceutical in Japan in a single-dose formulation for the assessment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD).

Lipo-oxytocin-1 (LOT-1) is a synthetic peptide and analogue of oxytocin that acts as an agonist of the oxytocin receptor.

Leconotide (INN) (code names CNSB004, AM336), also known as ω-conotoxin CVID, is an ω-conotoxin peptide isolated from the venom of Conus catus which is under investigation as an analgesic drug for the treatment of pain conditions.

Selepressin (INN) (code name FE-202158), also known as [Phe(2),Ile(3), Hgn(4),Orn(iPr)(8)]vasopressin) is a potent, highly selective, short-acting peptide full agonist of the vasopressin 1A receptor and analog of vasopressin which is under development by Ferring Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of vasodilatory hypotension in septic shock.