Pathophysiology, Chp. 5 - Inflammation and Healing

First: skin, mucus, saliva

Second: phagocytosis (and the cells associated with it), inflammation, interferons

Third: antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure of specific substances

Vasodilation increases blood flow.

1. Injury

2. Release of chemical mediators

3. Vasodilation

4. Increased capillary permeability

5. Leukocytes move to site of injury

6. Phagocytosis - removal of debris

It's a normal, nonspecific defense mechanism.

- redness (from increased blood flow)

- pain (pressure of fluid on the nerves)

- heat (from increased blood flow)

- swelling (edema)

- immobility from loss of function (if the cells lack nutrients, or the swelling is causing too much damage)

OR PRISH

- vasodilation (to allow lots of wbcs to go to injured site)

- hyperemia (^blood flow, causes redness)

- ^capillary permeability

- chemotaxis (migration of cells, microbes)

Interstitial fluid in the inflamed area.

Serous: watery, from allergic reactions or burns.

Fibrinous: thick and sticky, have a high fibrin content.

Purulent: think, yellow-green colour, usually indicates infection, often known as pus.

- mild fever (pyrexia)

- malaise (feeling of unwell)

- fatigue

- headache

- anorexia (loss of appetite)

- less swelling

- ^ in lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts

- formation of scar tissue

- deep ulcer

It's a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, it reduces inflammation, pain and fever.

- Aspirin

- ibuprofen

- Advil

- Motrin

R-rest

I-ice (constricts blood flow which reduces swelling)

C-compression

E-elevation

1. Resolution: No open wound, quick healing.

2. Regeneration: Deeper wounds and heals by replacing the damaged ones. Ex. damage to the epithelium, but not necessarily an open wound.

3. Replacement: An open wound that is filled and formed with connective tissue and fills in the damaged cells when they are unable to undergo mitosis. Forms scar tissue.

- First Intention; wound is clean and manually closed by someone.

- Second Intention; wound is left to heal on its own, bigger scar tissue and more inflammation.

1. Hemostasis: formation of a blood clot in the area.

2. Inflammation: inflammation develops in the area, and foreign material are removed by wbcs.

3. Proliferation of new tissues: formed from granulation tissue, epithelial cells, fibroblasts and collagen.

4. Maturation: cross linking and shortening of the collagen fibers create a tight, strong scar.

- youth

- clean, undisturbed wound

- good nutrition

- no infection or further trauma to the site

- advanced age

- anemia

- poor nutrition, dehydration

- other disorders like diabetes, cancer

1. Loss of function

2. Contractures and obstructions: scar tissue tightening which may result in restricted movement.

3. Adhesions: Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated.

4. Hypertrophic scar tissue: overgrowth of fibrous tissue due to excess collagen deposits.

5. Ulceration: blood supply restricted around the scar.

An injury to the body causing acute inflammation and tissue destruction.

True, it also causes major fluid shifts, edema, and a decrease in blood volume.

First Degree: superficial, damages the epidermis but will quickly without scar tissue.

Second Degree: partial thickness will be applied to trauma site, a destruction of the epidermis and part of the dermis.

Third/fourth Degree: destruction of all skin layers, and in 4th degree burns, often underlying tissue. Area is charred, edema, painless at the direct site but pain persists around the burn.

- shock (because of hypovolemia)

- respiratory problems (from the inhalation of toxic fumes)

- pain

- infection (depending on the severity, bacteria can easily penetrate the skin)

- increased metabolic needs (due to the damage done to the body, to heal it increases it's metabolic needs)

The migration of cells, particularly leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

Microbes can invade the skin where it's damaged and where blood supply is low; some can even resist phagocytosis and exudate is a good medium for bacterial growth.

True. In fact if a spasm is strong enough it can force the bone out of joints of normal alignment, increasing the pressure on the nerves, thus increasing the pain.

Tylenol

Healing by first intention aka with the surgical incision. Because the wound heals from the bottom down upwards, and by having the surface stapled, we're doing a little bit of the work that would normally be already done later on. Meaning that it'll heal faster.

Using nonstick dressings.

To reduce the effects of scar tissue and to increase their function.

Because not as much wbcs travel to the trauma site, therefore if a microbe enters the skin, it likely won't be fought off.