Pathophysiology, Chp. 19 - Male and Female Reproductive Disorders

Epispadias: where the urethral opening develops on the upper surface of the penis. Urinary incontinence may occur because of how proximal it is to the urinary sphincter.

Hypospadias: where the urethral opening develops below the penis. Typically the more severe of the two.

Cryptorchidism is when the testis fail to descend into the scrotum during development.

A dilated vein in the spermatic cord, and if it's extensive it'll impair blood flow to the testes, thus decreasing spermatogenesis --> infertility.

1. ^ of prostatic tissue

2. Nodules surrounding the prostate

3. Compression of urethra from nodules

4. Incomplete emptying of bladder

5. Because bladder isn't fully emptied it leads to frequent infections, may lead to cystitis

6. Can lead to further kidney complications

- elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA)

- abnormal rectal exam

- abnormal biopsy

absence of menstruation

Painful menstruation caused by ^ of prostaglandins.

It is when endometrial tissue (innermost layer of uterus that's shed each month) appears outside the uterus. This tissue responds to the usual hormonal changes that start menstruation thus it also bleeds. Because there's no exit point for this blood, and blood is irritating to tissues when it doesn't belong there, local inflammation and pain result. The inflammation recurs with each cycle and eventually causes the development of fibrous tissue.

False; it's an opportunistic infection caused by Candida albicans.

From the inflammation it incurs, it can eventually form fibrous tissue and adhesions. When the uterus is pulled out of its normal position (retroversion) by adhesions, infertility often occurs. The fallopian tube may be blocked, or the ovary covered by fibrous tissue, preventing the movement of the ovum into and through the tube.

It is an infection of the reproductive tract-mainly the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The infection starts from the bottom and ascends all the way to uterus and its other structures.

They're benign tumors of the myometrium (middle layer). They're not considered precancerous.

Small, fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries. If they're large enough they can rupture causing more inflammation and bleeding. And with a large cyst, it has the risk of creating torsion in the area.

Where large ovaries containing cysts and covered with a thich capsule develop. There's a hormonal imbalance which causes an absence of ovulation and therefore infertility.

This is a broad spectrum of breast changes and diseases. But in general, this refers to the presence of nodules/masses in the breast tissue that change during the menstrual cycle in response to fluctuating hormone levels particularly estrogen. The CT of the breast is gradually replaced by dense fibrous tissue. Increasing fluid in the breast during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle accumulates in cysts bound by fibrous tissue, unable to escape. Overtime the cysts enlarge.

Exposures to high estrogen levels.

From the ductal epithelial cells, and because this cancer infiltrates the surrounding tissue and frequently adheres to skin, this can cause dimpling.

The human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted.

Pap smears of cervical cells

False; it cannot detect uterine cancer.

chlamydia trachomatis

Males: urethritis and epididymitis

Females: pelvic inflammatory disease

Neisseria gonorrhea; many strains have become resilient.