Pathophysiology, Chp.10 - Blood and Circulatory Disorders

Transport blood away from the heart into the lungs (for oxygenation) or to body tissues.

The exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the cells throughout the body (oxygenated blood to the rest of the body).

The exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs (receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs for oxygenation).

1. Tunica intima - endothelial, inner layer

2. Tunica media - smooth muscle (controls diameter and lumen size)

3. Tunica adventitia/externa - outer CT layer, contains elastic and collagen fibers

1. In small bv the vessel vasoconstricts to decrease blood flow and to allow the formation of a platelet plug.

2. Platelets adhere to tissue, if bv is small platelet plug is formed.

3. In larger vessels clotting factors are released for coagulation.

- biconcave

- no nucleus

- lifespan is approx. 120 days

- obligate in the bone marrow

Granulocytes:

- neutrophils

- basophils

- eosinophils

Agranulocytes:

- monocytes

- lymphocytes

No, they're fragments with no nucleus.

1. damaged tissue and platelets release clotting factors such prothrombin activator (PTA).

2. PTA is converted to thrombin - an anticoagulant.

3. fibrinogen --> fibrin threads from thrombin

3. fibrin mes traps cells --> forms a clot

4. clot pulls at the edges of damaged tissue, sealing it

liver; vit. k

antithrombin III (inhibitor) circulates in the blood

- less energy in cells

- tachycardia

- cracked lips

- dysphagia

- angina if severe

Insufficient iron in the body --> impairement of hemoglobin synthesis (reduces the amount of O2 transported).

Very large, immature erythrocytes --> carry less hemoglobin and shorter lifespan which means the bone marrow is constantly producing them instead of mature rbcs.

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor produced in the glands of the gastric mucosa.

Impairment/failure in bone marrow --> loss of stem cells and pancytopenia. May be temporary or permanent.

Genetic condition --> leads to abnormal hemoglobin. When deoxygenated it turns into a sickle shape. 20 day lifespan.

Prevents platelets from sticking to undamaged tissue.

Turns them into microcytic (smaller) and hypochromic (less red/paler) RBCs.

pernicious anemia

- general signs of anemia

- tongue enlarged

- ataxia

- burning in the extremities (B12 helps in the myelination of nerves, deficiencies cause neuropathies)

- macrocytic or megablastic

- reduced in numbers

- bone marrow is hyperactive

- prophylaxis

- B12 injections

- Sickle cell

- Thalassemia

It can't hold as much oxygen, and they're far too large. This means they can cause obstructions, leading to multiple infarctions.

- general signs of anemia

- hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice

- splenomegaly (because the spleen is working overtime)

- infarctions

- infections

A genetic defect where the amount of hemoglobin synthesized is reduced and can then induce anemia and hemolysis.

- hyperactive bone marrow

- increased cardiac workload --> heart failure

- persistent bleeding from gums

- petechiae

- anemia

- coughing up blood

- feeling faint

Hemophilia A: deficit in a clotting factor, inherited in men through transferred by X-linked recessive trait.

Hemophilia B: "Christmas Disease", similar to A.

Hemophilia C: a milder form.

- prolonged/severe hemorrhage following minor trauma

- persistent oozing

- hematomas (bubble of blood) are common

- blood appearing in urine or feces

A hereditary clotting/bleeding disorder. Where the body has a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor which is important for blood clotting proteins. It's signs and symptoms are similar to hemophilia but milder.

A life threatening condition that involves excessive bleeding and clotting. The excessive clotting can cause multiple thromoboses and infarctions, but because of that it also consumes all the available clotting factors and platelets. This over consumption can lead to hemorrhage.

- low plasma fibrinogen

- thrombocytopenia (indicates that they're being used and consumed from all the clotting)

- prolonged bleeding

- low bp and shop

- petechiae/ecchymosis

A group of disorders that are either inherited or acquired. It increases abnormal clotting --> deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or PVD.

A neoplastic disorder that increases the production of RBCs, thrombocytes and granulocytes. This leads to an increased blood volume and viscosity, which can lead to infarctions.

Acute: cells are found in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation, occurs in kids/young adults.

Chronic: insidious onset with milder symptoms and better prognosis, typically in older people.

It suppresses the production of other normal cells (RBCs) --> anemia, thrombocytopenia and normal functioning WBCs. Not only that but the bone marrow will become crowded leading to severe bone pain.

- opportunistic infections (pneumonia)

- sepsis

- liver failure

- renal failure

- hemorrhage

A neoplastic disease which increase the production of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells will eventually replace the bone marrow and erode the bone --> impaired production of RBCs and antibodies.