Patho Module 9- Musculoskeletal Systen

Outer, hard covering of bones

Inner, mesh-like region of the bone

Stronger deposition of collagen in bone. Collagen fibers vary in orientation to better withstand stress

irregular arrangement of collagen fibers leads to weaker bone; found during embryonic development and fracture healing; later converts to lamellar form

deposition of calcium crystals that harden the bone, giving it strength

mesenchymal origin, secrete matrix and alkaline phosphatase, activateosteoclasts. Ultimately form periosteum or become osteocytes within matrix

originate from monocytes/myeloid lineage—fuse into multinucleated cells that travel along bone surface until reaching microfractures; carry out bone resorption, creating a cavity—after which they die by apoptosis

Fracture type-communicates with air through skin or mucous membrane

Fracture type-skin may be broken, but bone does not communicate with air

Fracture type-one fracture line, two bone fragments

Fracture type-more than one fracture line, multiple fragments

Fracture type-bone segments are out of alignment

Fracture type-slowly develops upon repeated increased loads

Fracture type-periosteum remains intact on one side

Fracture type-in context of preexisting osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, tumor invasion

Fracture type-piece of bone comes off with attached tendon

Stages of fracture healing

Timeline for complete fracture healing

Fracture complication- failure of fracture healing

Fracture complication-Infection of fracture site

Fracture complication- Reduced mobility

Fracture complication-result of prolonged immobility

Assessment of joints during physical examination

Components of Synovial Joints- Basic components

Purpose of cartilage

Components of Synovial Joints-holds the joint together, is lined by the synovial membrane

Components of Synovial Joints-Lubricates the joints

Components of Synovial Joints-Extends from one bone to the other across the joint, for stabilization

Components of Synovial Joints-small pouches of fluid for cushioning (in some joints)

Components of Synovial Joints-surround muscle tendons, protecting them during movement

Components of Synovial Joints-additional fibrocartilage pad in some joints—additional cushioning

Joint movement-away from the midline of the body

Joint movement-Toward the midline of the body

Joint movement-circular or cone shaped movement available at ball and socket joints.

Joint movement-the angle of the joint increases or the return from flexion

Joint movement-the angle of the joint decreases or the return from extension

Joint movement-Rotating towards the midline

Joint movement-rotating away from the midline of the body

Joint movement-foot moves toward the shin

Joint movement-foot moves away from the shin

Joint movement-sole of the foot faces the midline

Joint movement-sole of the foot faces away from the midline

Joint movement-palm of the hand facing downward

Joint movement-palm of the hand facing upward

stretching injury to a musculotendinous unit

stretching injury that tears ligaments

Grade of sprain-ligament microtears, little swelling, no instability, littlefunctional loss

Grade of sprain-partial ligament tear, more swelling, tenderness, disability

Grade of sprain-complete ligament rupture, severe swelling and tenderness,joint instability, and functional loss

Difference between strain and sprain

Most common ankle sprain

Knee anatomy-within the joint, provide stability

Knee anatomy-cushioning

Knee anatomy-Additional support

Knee sprains

Meniscus injuries

Where spinal nerves exit the spine

Awkward positions for prolonged times, coupled to movements that overuse some muscles and underuse others, lead to inflammation, decreased blood supply, nerve damage, and tendon irritation

A repetitive stress injury of the wrist, culminating in compression neuropathy of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, findings in the median nerve distribution

Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Hallmark of trigger finger

Hallmark of hip bursitis

Concern with epiphyseal fractures

Inflammation of tendon/physis connection

Repetitive stress injuries produce apophysitis

Absent production or abnormal forms of dystrophin, a muscle cell cytoskeletalprotein

Two types of muscular dystrophy

bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. Common in both men and women

gradual loss of muscle mass

Factors contributing to sarcopenia include:

Complex form of arthritis caused by too much uric acid that crystallizes and is deposited in joints

Major factor in gout

Symptoms and diagnosis of gout

Axial skeleton inflammation (likely autoimmune in origin) with predominant low back pain, though pain can be felt anywhere in the body d/t nerve inflammation

Joints most affected by spondoyloarthrits