2024-02-17T04:19:28+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>sensory receptors transduce</p>, <p>retina</p>, <p>fovea</p>, <p>papilledema</p>, <p>optic neuritis</p>, <p>first layer of retinal neurons</p>, <p>second layer of retinal neurons</p>, <p>m cells</p>, <p>p cells</p>, <p>muller cells (glial cells)</p>, <p>melanopsin</p>, <p>the nasal retina</p>, <p>the temporal path</p>, <p>geniculostriate system</p>, <p>tectopulvinar system</p>, <p>retinohypothalamic system</p>, <p>layers 2,3,5 of the LGN</p>, <p>layers 1,4,6</p>, <p>layers 3-6 of the LGN</p>, <p>layers 1-2</p>, <p>occipital cortex</p>, <p>when cut horizontally and strained V1/V2 form</p>, <p>neurons in blobs</p>, <p>neurons in interblobs</p>, <p>thick stripes</p>, <p>thin stripes</p>, <p>pale zones</p>, <p>prosopagnosia</p>, <p>principal of proper mass</p>, <p>orientation detectors</p>, <p>complex cells</p>, <p>hypercomplex cells</p>, <p>functional columns </p>, <p>ocular dominance column</p>, <p>neurons along the ventral stream in the temporal lobe region</p>, <p>stimulus equivalence</p>, <p>opponent processing</p>, <p>homonymous hemianopia</p>, <p>scotomes</p>, <p>nystagmus</p>, <p>visual form agnosia</p>, <p>achromatopsia</p>, <p>optic ataxia</p>, <p>D.F (ventral stream deficit)</p>, <p>R.V. (dorsal stream deficit)</p> flashcards
Neuro 2620 Chapter 9

Neuro 2620 Chapter 9

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  • sensory receptors transduce

    environmental energy to neural energy

  • retina

    light sensitive surface at the back of the eye, consists of photoreceptors and neurons

  • fovea

    densely packed region of photoreceptors at the center of the retina

  • papilledema

    a swollen disk that occurs because that optic nerve is surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid

  • optic neuritis

    inflammation of the optic nerve and another cause of papilledema

  • first layer of retinal neurons

    bipolar

    horizontal

    amacrine

  • second layer of retinal neurons

    RGCs

    magnocellular cells

    parvocellular cells

  • m cells

    receive input from rods and sensitive to light not color and moving stimuli

  • p cells

    receive input from cones, sensitive to color and difference in form and color

  • muller cells (glial cells)

    span the retinal inner membrane from front to back

    act as optical fibers, channeling light to the buried photoreceptors

  • melanopsin

    a light sensitive protein

  • the nasal retina

    medial path of each retina crosses the opposite side

  • the temporal path

    the lateral path of each retina that travels back to the same side

  • geniculostriate system

    all the p and some of the m ganglion axons

    goes from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus the layer IV of the primary visual cortex (striate (striped) cortex)

  • tectopulvinar system

    formed by the remaining m cells

    goes from retina to the superior colliculus sending signals to the pulvinar region of the thalamus

  • retinohypothalamic system

    1-3% of the RGCs are photosensitive

    in the tiny superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

  • layers 2,3,5 of the LGN

    come from the ipsilateral eye

  • layers 1,4,6

    come the the contralateral eye

  • layers 3-6 of the LGN

    responsive to color

    fine detail

  • layers 1-2

    responsive to movement

  • occipital cortex

    comprised of six visual regions

    V1 (striate (primary visual) cortex)

    V2-5 (extrastriata (secondary visual) cortex)

  • when cut horizontally and strained V1/V2 form

    blobs and interblobs

  • neurons in blobs

    take part in color perception

  • neurons in interblobs

    take part in perception of form and motion

  • thick stripes

    input from movement sensitive neurons

  • thin stripes

    input from V1's color-sensitive neurons

  • pale zones

    input from V1's form sensitive neurons

  • prosopagnosia

    damage to regions specialized in facial recognition (fusiform face area (FFE))

  • principal of proper mass

    the amount of neural tissue responsible for a particular function is proportional to the amount of neural processing that function requires

  • orientation detectors

    cells that are maximally excited by bars of light oriented in a particular direction

  • complex cells

    excited by bars of light moving in a particular direction through the visual field

  • hypercomplex cells

    responsive to moving bars but also has a strong inhibitory area at one end of the receptive field

  • functional columns

    cortical structure neurons are organized into this

    0.5mm diameter strips of the cortex that include representative neurons and the connections

  • ocular dominance column

    functional column in the visual cortex that is maximally responsive to information coming from the eye

  • neurons along the ventral stream in the temporal lobe region

    excited by complex visual stimuli like faces and hands

  • stimulus equivalence

    recognizing an object as remaining the same despite being viewed from different orientations

  • opponent processing

    cells can be excited by red and inhibited by green

    or be excited by blue and inhibited by yellow

    or vise versa

  • homonymous hemianopia

    complete cuts of the optic tract, the LGN, or cortical region V1 resulting in blindness of the entire right of left side of the visual field

  • scotomes

    small blind spot in the visual field caused bu migraine or by small lesion of the visual cortex

  • nystagmus

    ting, involuntary movements of the eye

  • visual form agnosia

    an inability to recognize object, real or drawn

  • achromatopsia

    seeing the world in black and white

  • optic ataxia

    deficit in the visual control of reading and other movements bilateral parietal lesion

  • D.F (ventral stream deficit)

    cannot recognize shapes

  • R.V. (dorsal stream deficit)

    object recognition in unimpaired but chooses unstable grasping points