2023-03-08T21:32:35+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Describe the two ways the nervous system can be divided., Describe the structural divisions of the nervous system., Describe the functional division of the nervous system., Sympathetic: , parasympathetic:, Neurology: , What are the functions of the nervous system? (5), When does the neural plate form?, The neural plate gives rise to..., Plate invaginates forming neural ______ and neural folds, nNeural crest forms from neural folds: (3) , What are the three distinct swellings after the fourth week of human development?, What is the neuron responsible for?, What is the neuron specialized for?, Describe the 3 components of a neuron., Describe the cell body of a neuron (3), Describe axon of neuron, Describe the dendrite(s) of neurons, The motor ( nervous system is responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS TO effectors (muscles or glands). Is this efferent or afferent?, The motor nervous system is responsible for input or output?, Motor neurons are typically what type of polar?, Motor neurons are typically efferent meaning they carry impules ____ from CNS to target tissues., Most sensory neurons are..., What sensory neurons are not unipolar?, Interneurons are only found where and are what type of polar?, What do interneurons do?, Describe sensory neurons, What are the two types of motor neurons?, Describe the function of somatic motor neurons., Whats the effector in somatic motor function?, Describe autonomic motor function., Effectors of autonomic motor neurons: , Interneurons most notably dont have..., Cell body, perikaryon, Neurotubules , Neurofilaments , Dendrites, Axon:, Axon hillock:, Axon collaterals:, Terminal arborizations: , Synaptic knobs:, SAME DAVE:, Somatic motor reflex arc, What are the three structural classes of neurons?, Describe the bipolar structural class of neurons., Describe the pseudounipolar structural class of neurons., Describe the multipolar class of neurons., What structural classification of neurons is most common?, List the neuroglia that is part of the CNS. (4), Function of astrocytes, Function of oligodendrocytes, Function of microglia, Function of Ependymal cell, List the neuroglia of PNS (peripheral nervous system)., Which neuroglia contributes to the blood-brain barrier?, What is a glial cell?, Is there more glial cells or neurons?, Function of satellite cells (ganglionic gliocyte), Function of schwann cells (neurolemmocyte), One ______________ myelinates many neurons., What is myelin?, What the gap in the myelin sheath called?, • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) form myelin sheath around _____ axons, Schwann cells (PNS) form sheath around ____ axon, Describe the myelination process in the PNS., Describe CNS myelination., True or False: Myelin is fatty, In the PNS, unmyelinated axons are still associated with..., In the CNS, unmyelinated axons are or are not associated with oligodendrocytes., ___________is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, where there is progressive demyelination of neurons accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. This disrupts the conduction of nerve impulses, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination, neurofibril nodes, or...., Neurofibril nodes allow for a process called _______ conduction., What is the benefit of neurofibril node?, Unmyelinated axons have ________ conduction, Capillaries in brain___ ___ have pores between adjacent endothelial cells, Astrocytes have ______ processes, In the blood-brain barrier, Molecules must pass through both _________ cells and astrocytes This is known as: selectivity., Describe the structure of a nerve.(4), Most nerves are composed of motor and sensory – _____ _____, Some cranial nerves ____ motor or sensory, Somatic skeletal: , Describe the two functional properties of nerve impulses., Irritability:, • Conductivity: , Describe nerve impulses. (3), List the three components of synaptic transmission., What is a synapse?, What is a presynaptic neuron?, Postsynaptic neuron:, In synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are within ______., Neutrotransmitters are released into..., Why is there a lot of mitochondria in the axon terminal?, What are the ways a synapse can communicate?, Chemical synapse use ____________., In an ________ synapse, the plasma membranes of the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are bound tightly together. Electrical synapses are fast and secure, and they permit two-way signaling. At this synapse, gap junctions formed by connexons between both plasma membranes ) facilitate the flow of ions, such as sodium ions (Na*), between the cells, _______ cells line CNS cavities and produce cerebrospinal fluid;, • A nerve is a bundle of many parallel axons organized in three layers: an ________ around a single axon, a _______ around a fascicle, and an ______ around all of the fascicles., • A mature neuron typically cannot undergo mitosis because it does not have which structure (s)? a. a nucleus b. ribosomes c. centrioles d. mitochondria flashcards

https://studylib.net

Nervous Tissue

123 cards

ankibackup

Nervous Tissue

Customize Share

Long Term Learning Spaced Repetition

Add to Long Term Learning Desk

Fast learning Repeat this set of flashcards

Preview Test Spell

Play

Match

Show all Difficult Familiar Mastered Starred

Review

Describe the two ways the nervous system can be divided.

structurally, functionally
Describe the structural divisions of the nervous system.

Central nervous system (CNS): Brain, spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves
Describe the functional division of the nervous system.

Automical nervous system (ANS): controlling centers within CNS Sympathetic: fight or flight parasympathetic: rest and digest
Sympathetic:

fight or flight
parasympathetic:

rest and digest
Neurology:

The study of the nervous system
What are the functions of the nervous system? (5)

-Orient the body to the internal and external environments -Coordinate body activities -Store experiences (memory) -Generate patterns of response based on experiences (learning) -Instinctual behavior (More important in vertebrates other than humans_
When does the neural plate form?

at 17 days
The neural plate gives rise to...

all neurons, most neuroglia
Plate invaginates forming neural ______ and neural folds

groove
nNeural crest forms from neural folds: (3)

qOriginates much of the PNSqForms sympathetic nervous systemqForms Schwann cells
What are the three distinct swellings after the fourth week of human development?

• Prosencephalon- • Mesencephalon-(remains unchanged to week 5) • Rhombencephalon-
What is the neuron responsible for?

Responsible for integrating information received from the internal and external environment
What is the neuron specialized for?

excitability and conductivity
Describe the 3 components of a neuron.

cell body, dendrites and axon
Describe the cell body of a neuron (3)

• Contains nucleus • Chromatophilic substance in Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Neurofilaments and microtubules
Describe axon of neuron

• Conducts impulses away from cell body • Neurofilaments and microtubules • Collateral branches
Describe the dendrite(s) of neurons

Branched processes; receive stimuli
The motor ( nervous system is responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS TO effectors (muscles or glands). Is this efferent or afferent?

efferent (conducting outward)
The motor nervous system is responsible for input or output?

output
Motor neurons are typically what type of polar?

multipolar
Motor neurons are typically efferent meaning they carry impules ____ from CNS to target tissues.

AWAY
Most sensory neurons are...

unipolar
What sensory neurons are not unipolar?

Retina, olfactory epithelium (these are bipolar)
Interneurons are only found where and are what type of polar?

in the CNS, multipolar
What do interneurons do?

facilitate communication between motor and sensory neurons.
Describe sensory neurons

-afferent TOWARDS CNS (from body) -most unipolar
What are the two types of motor neurons?

somatic (non-visceral) autonomic (visceral)
Describe the function of somatic motor neurons.

Motor out that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle
Whats the effector in somatic motor function?

skeletal muscle
Describe autonomic motor function.

Motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Effectors of autonomic motor neurons:

effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Interneurons most notably dont have...

axons (anaxonic)
Cell body

Nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of a neuron (excluding its dendrites and axon)
perikaryon

Most often refers to the cytoplasm within the cell body. Sometimes used to describe the entire cell body
Neurotubules

Microtubules that form the cytoskeleton
Neurofilaments

Intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils
Dendrites

Neuron processes that conduct information to the cell body ("input")
Axon:

nerve fiber Neuron process that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body ("output")
Axon hillock:

Triangular region connecting cell body to axon
Axon collaterals:

Side branches of an axon
Terminal arborizations:

Fine terminal branches of an axon or axon collateral
Synaptic knobs:

Slightly expanded regions at the tips of terminal arborizations
SAME DAVE:

(Sensory-Afferent, Motor-Efferent; Dorsal-Afferent, Ventral-Efferent).
Somatic motor reflex arc

• A receptor that senses the stimulus. • An afferent neuron that carries the signal to the CNS. • A center that decides how to respond. • An effector that performs the response.
What are the three structural classes of neurons?

-bipolar -pseudounipolar -multipolar
Describe the bipolar structural class of neurons.

• Spindle shaped • Process at both ends • Specialized sensory
Describe the pseudounipolar structural class of neurons.

• Single process that divides in two • Most sensory neurons • Cell body in ganglia
Describe the multipolar class of neurons.

• One axon, several dendrites • Motor neurons
What structural classification of neurons is most common?

multipolar
List the neuroglia that is part of the CNS. (4)

Astrocvtes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cell
Function of astrocytes

Support, ionic buffering, blood-brain-barrier
Function of oligodendrocytes

Form myelin
Function of microglia

Phagocyte cellular debris
Function of Ependymal cell

Line ventricles, ciliated
List the neuroglia of PNS (peripheral nervous system).

Satellite cells (Ganglionic gliocyte) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
Which neuroglia contributes to the blood-brain barrier?

astrocyte
What is a glial cell?

Glial cells are small, mitotic cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system and help them with their functions and development.
Is there more glial cells or neurons?

glial cells
Function of satellite cells (ganglionic gliocyte)

support (Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia)
Function of schwann cells (neurolemmocyte)

Form myelin
One ______________ myelinates many neurons.

oligodendrocyte
What is myelin?

• Composed of lipid and protein Provides support Aids in conduction->FASTER
What the gap in the myelin sheath called?

Neurofibril node - gap in sheath
• Oligodendrocytes (CNS) form myelin sheath around _____ axons

many
Schwann cells (PNS) form sheath around ____ axon

ONE
Describe the myelination process in the PNS.

Schwann cell (PNS) wraps around axon Multiple layer (sheaths) are formed around ONE axon
Describe CNS myelination.

An oligodendrocyte in the CNS can myelinate a 1 millimeter length portion of MANY axons, not just one.
True or False: Myelin is fatty

True.
In the PNS, unmyelinated axons are still associated with...

neurolemmocyte
In the CNS, unmyelinated axons are or are not associated with oligodendrocytes.

are not
___________is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, where there is progressive demyelination of neurons accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. This disrupts the conduction of nerve impulses, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
neurofibril nodes, or....

nodes of Ranvier.
Neurofibril nodes allow for a process called _______ conduction.

saltatory
What is the benefit of neurofibril node?

faster conduction
Unmyelinated axons have ________ conduction

continuous
Capillaries in brain___ ___ have pores between adjacent endothelial cells

DO NOT
Astrocytes have ______ processes

vascular
In the blood-brain barrier, Molecules must pass through both _________ cells and astrocytes This is known as: selectivity.

endothelial
Describe the structure of a nerve.(4)

• Collection of nerve fibers (axons) outside CNS •Each nerve fiber enclosed in connective tissue sheath - endoneurium •Group of fibers (fasciculus) surrounded by perineurium • Entire nerve surrounded by epineurium (•also encloses blood vessels)
Most nerves are composed of motor and sensory – _____ _____

mixed nerves
Some cranial nerves ____ motor or sensory

ONLY
Somatic skeletal:

Somatic skeletal
Describe the two functional properties of nerve impulses.

• Irritability: • Conductivity:
Irritability:

Dendrites and cell body responds to stimulus: Converts to an impulse
• Conductivity:

Transmission of impulse along axon or dendrite
Describe nerve impulses. (3)

• Exchange of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across membrane along length of nerve fiber • Travels in one direction • All-or-none response
List the three components of synaptic transmission.

-synapse -presynaptic neuron -postsynaptic neuron
What is a synapse?

Functional connection between two neurons
What is a presynaptic neuron?

• Axon terminal contains synaptic vesicles
Postsynaptic neuron:

dendrite
In synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are within ______.

vesicles
Neutrotransmitters are released into...

synaptic clef
Why is there a lot of mitochondria in the axon terminal?

A lot of mitochondria because of transport of ions
What are the ways a synapse can communicate?

-electrical synapse -chemical synapse
Chemical synapse use ____________.

neurotransmitters
In an ________ synapse, the plasma membranes of the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are bound tightly together. Electrical synapses are fast and secure, and they permit two-way signaling. At this synapse, gap junctions formed by connexons between both plasma membranes ) facilitate the flow of ions, such as sodium ions (Na*), between the cells

electrical
_______ cells line CNS cavities and produce cerebrospinal fluid;

ependymal
• A nerve is a bundle of many parallel axons organized in three layers: an ________ around a single axon, a _______ around a fascicle, and an ______ around all of the fascicles.

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
• A mature neuron typically cannot undergo mitosis because it does not have which structure (s)? a. a nucleus b. ribosomes c. centrioles d. mitochondria

c. centrioles

Nervous Tissue

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib