Molecular genetics

A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.

The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.

Meiosis /maɪˈoʊsᵻs/ is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.

A morpholino, also known as a morpholino oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), is type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression.

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules.

Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules.

In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins.

The Argonaute protein family plays a central role in RNA silencing processes, as essential catalytic components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).

Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.

Transcription factor II E (TFIIE) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.

Transcription factor IIF (TFIIF) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.

The AT-hook is a DNA-binding motif present in many proteins, including the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, DNA-binding proteins from plants and hBRG1 protein, a central ATPase of the human switching/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) remodeling complex.

The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction.

Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.

The B3 DNA binding domain (DBD) is a highly conserved domain found exclusively in transcription factors, from higher plants (≥40 species) (Pfam PF02362) combined with other domains (InterPro: IPR003340).

The 100,000 Genomes Project is a UK Government project that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients.

The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership.

Free radical damage to DNA can occur as a result of exposure to UV radiation or to radiomimetic compounds.

The Sp/KLF family (specificity protein/Krüppel-like factor) is a family of transcription factors, including the Kruppel-like factors as well as Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, Sp4, Sp8, Sp9; and possibly Sp5 and Sp7.