Molecular biology

Foldit is an online puzzle video game about protein folding.

RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing), also called whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (WTSS), uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA in a biological sample at a given moment in time.

Long interspersed elements (LINEs) are a group of non-LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposons which are widespread in the genome of many eukaryotes.

Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors, that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) is a biological database that collects DNA sequences.

The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.

DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro.

EMBO organises over 80 meetings attracting more than 10,000 participants every year including the annual EMBO meeting where over 1000 researchers participate.

Paritaprevir (previously known as ABT-450) is an acylsulfonamide inhibitor of the NS3-4A serine protease manufactured by Abbott Laboratories that shows promising results as a treatment of hepatitis C.

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.

ZMapp is an experimental biopharmaceutical drug comprising three chimeric monoclonal antibodies under development as a treatment for Ebola virus disease.

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Photo-degradation is the alteration of materials by light.

rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FBL gene.

Ombitasvir is an antiviral drug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites.

Transposase is an enzyme that binds to the end of a transposon and catalyzes the movement of the transposon to another part of the genome by a cut and paste mechanism or a replicative transposition mechanism.

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent.

DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting, DNA testing, or DNA typing) is a forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length.

Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ᵻnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

In bioinformatics, BLAST for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool is an algorithm for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the nucleotides of DNA sequences.

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription.

The history of molecular biology begins in the 1930s with the convergence of various, previously distinct biological and physical disciplines: biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, virology and physics.

Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics.

Micrococcal Nuclease (EC 3.1.31.1, S7 Nuclease, MNase, spleen endonuclease, thermonuclease, nuclease T, micrococcal endonuclease, nuclease T', staphylococcal nuclease, spleen phosphodiesterase, Staphylococcus aureus nuclease, Staphylococcus aureus nuclease B, ribonucleate (deoxynucleate) 3'-nucleotidohydrolase) is an endo-exonuclease that preferentially digests single-stranded nucleic acids.

EcoRV (pronounced "eco R five") is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from certain strains of Escherichia coli.

PDE3 is a phosphodiesterase.

Cre recombinase is a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from the P1 Bacteriophage.

Viral transformation can occur both naturally and medically.

Cellosaurus is an on-line knowledge resource on cell lines.

In molecular biology, the BSD domain is an approximately 60-amino-acid-long protein domain named after the BTF2-like transcription factors, synapse-associated proteins and DOS2-like proteins in which it is found.

Rfam is a database containing information about non-coding RNA (ncRNA) families and other structured RNA elements.

In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".

Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP or mDIP) is a large-scale (chromosome- or genome-wide) purification technique in molecular biology that is used to enrich for methylated DNA sequences.

Christoph Cremer (born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) is a German physicist and professor at the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, honorary professor at the University of Mainz and group leader at the Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) a newly established research centre on the campus of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany, who has successfully overcome the conventional limit of resolution that applies to light based investigations (the Abbe limit) by a range of different methods (1971/1978 development of the concept of 4Pi-microscopy; 1996 localization microscopy SPDM; 1997 spatially structured illumination SMI).

The Blueberry leaf mottle virus (BLMV) is a Nepovirus that was first discovered in Michigan in 1977.

The classification is based on similarities at the tertiary and primary structural levels.

SplitsTree is a popular program for inferring phylogenetic trees or, more generally, phylogenetic networks from various types of data such as a sequence alignment, a distance matrix or a set of trees.

In molecular biology, BpuJI is a type II restriction endonuclease which recognises the asymmetric sequence 5'-CCCGT and cuts at multiple sites in the surrounding area of the target sequence.

Processing bodies (P-bodies) are distinct foci within the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover.

A mitotoxin is a cytotoxic molecule targeted to specific cells by a mitogen.

DNA repair protein XRCC4 also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 or XRCC4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene.

BglII (pronounced "begel two") is a type II restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from certain strains of Bacillus globigii.

BioModels Database is a free and open-source repository for storing, exchanging and retrieving quantitative models of biological interest.

In molecular biology, the FAD dependent oxidoreductase family of proteins is a family of FAD dependent oxidoreductases.

Fluorescence is used in the life sciences generally as a non-destructive way of tracking or analysing biological molecules by means of fluorescence.

GenGIS merges geographic, ecological and phylogenetic biodiversity data in a single interactive visualization and analysis environment.

Kenneth B. Storey, Ph.

The Institute of Animal Biotechnoloogy is independent entity of the Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food in Skopje, and has educational and research role.

Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive DNA-binding dye that preferentially binds to dsDNA.

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.

snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleo proteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs.

P1 is a temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria.

Restriction endonuclease (REase) EcoRII (pronounced "eco R two") is an enzyme of restriction modification system (RM) naturally found in Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacteria.

SABIO-RK (System for the Analysis of Biochemical Pathways - Reaction Kinetics) is a web-accessible database storing information about biochemical reactions and their kinetic properties.

Membership of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) is an award for scientists granted by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in recognition of: As of 2016, 84 EMBO Members and Associate Members have been awarded Nobel Prizes in either Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry or Physics.

Orosomucoid (ORM) or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α1AGp, AGP or AAG) is an acute phase (acute phase protein) plasma alpha-globulin glycoprotein and is modulated by two polymorphic genes.

In molecular biology, DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, (EC 6.5.1.1) that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

BamH I (from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) is a type II restriction endonuclease, having the capacity for recognizing short sequences (6 b.p.) of DNA and specifically cleaving them at a target site.

C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments.

EcoRI (pronounced, "eco R one") is a restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from species E.

Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals.

In molecular biology, the ankyrin-G binding motif of KCNQ2-3 is a protein motif found in the potassium channels KCNQ2 and KCNQ3.

WikiPathways is a community resource for contributing and maintaining content dedicated to biological pathways.

The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins.

RecBCD (EC 3.1.11.5, Exonuclease V, Escherichia coli exonuclease V, E. coli exonuclease V, gene recBC endoenzyme, RecBC deoxyribonuclease, gene recBC DNase, gene recBCD enzymes) is an enzyme of the E.

HindIII (pronounced "Hin D Three") is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the DNA palindromic sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg2+ via hydrolysis.

There are two workflows that are of interest to scientists that use Minimotif Miner 1) Entering any query protein into Minimotif Miner returns a table with a list of minimotif sequence and functions that have a sequence pattern match with the protein query sequence.

neXtProt is an on-line knowledge platform on human proteins.

TANPAKU was a distributed computing project aimed at researching the protein structure prediction problem.

A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by muscle cells (myocytes) in response to muscular contractions.

Double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses are a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve) and virion organization (T-number, capsid layers or turrets).

Ribonuclease H (RNase H) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonucleases that catalyze the cleavage of RNA via a hydrolytic mechanism.

Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level, therefore between the transcription and the translation of the gene.

Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that contains the pyrimidine base cytosine.

Cell–cell fusogens are glycoproteins that facilitate the fusion of cell to cell membranes.

In molecular biology, the Cfr10I/Bse634I family of restriction endonucleases includes the type II restriction endonucleases Cfr10I and Bse634I.

Dōjindo Laboratories (同仁化学研究所), otherwise known as Dojindo, is composed of a group of chemical companies that produce various reagents for use in research.

EMBO Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research related to biology at a molecular level.

MEGAN ("MEtaGenome ANalyzer") is a computer program that allows optimized analysis of large metagenomic datasets.

In molecular biology and bioinformatics, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population.

ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technology that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation ('ChIP') with DNA microarray ("chip").

TopFIND is the Termini oriented protein Function Inferred Database (TopFIND) is an integrated knowledgebase focused on protein termini, their formation by proteases and functional implications.

Treefinder is a computer program for the likelihood-based reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from molecular sequences.

Arthur Mallay Lesk, is a protein science researcher, who is a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the Pennsylvania State University in University Park.

In molecular biology, the Btk-type zinc finger or Btk motif (BM) is a conserved zinc-binding motif containing conserved cysteines and a histidine that is present in certain eukaryotic signalling proteins.