Middle Ages

Aljamiado (Spanish: [alxaˈmjaðo]; Portuguese: [aɫʒɐmi'aðʊ]; Arabic: عَجَمِيَة‎‎ trans. ʿajamiyah) or Aljamía texts are manuscripts that use the Arabic script for transcribing European languages, especially Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino.

Science in the medieval Islamic world (also known, less accurately, as Islamic science or Arabic science) was the science developed and practiced in the medieval Islamic world during the Islamic Golden Age (8th century CE – c. 1258 CE, sometimes considered to have extended to the 15th or 16th century).

Chancery is a general term for a medieval writing office, responsible for the production of official documents.

The Imperial Sword (German: Reichsschwert) is one of the four most important parts of the Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien) of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Reichskrone) was the hoop crown (German: Bügelkrone) of the Holy Roman Emperor from the 11th century to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

The Migration Period was a time of widespread migrations within or into Europe in the middle of the first millennium AD.

A Meistersinger (German for "master singer") was a member of a German guild for lyric poetry, composition and unaccompanied art song of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.

Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 12th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into modern Afghanistan and Pakistan as early as the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 8th century.

A modern geographic barony, in Scotland, Ireland and outlying parts of England, constitutes an administrative division of a country, usually of lower rank and importance than a county.

Cyfraith Hywel (Welsh: [ˈkəvraiθ ˈhəwɛl]; Laws of Hywel), also known as Welsh law (Latin: Leges Walliæ ), was the system of law practised in medieval Wales before its final conquest by England.

The Bagratuni or Bagratid (Armenian: Բագրատունի) royal dynasty was a royal family of Armenia that ruled many regional polities of the medieval Kingdom of Armenia, such as Syunik, Lori, Vaspurakan, Vanand, Taron, and Tayk.

Cluny Abbey (or Cluni, or Clugny, French pronunciation: ​[klyni]) dedicated to St Peter, is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France.

Sergeant (normally abbreviated to Sgt) is a rank used in many armies, police forces, and other uniformed organizations.

Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is a code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood which developed between 1170 and 1220.

The Imperial Regalia, also Imperial Insignia, (in German Reichskleinodien, Reichsinsignien or Reichsschatz) are the regalia of the Emperors and Kings of the Holy Roman Empire.

A peasant is a member of a traditional class of farmers, either laborers or owners of small farms, especially in the Middle Ages under feudalism, or more generally, in any pre-industrial society.

The Subatlantic is the current climatic age of the Holocene epoch.

Common land is land owned collectively by a number of persons, or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.

A league of towns (in German: Städtebund) is an alliance of two or more, usually geographically close, towns and/or cities for the protection of their political and/or economic interests.

Ostsiedlung (German pronunciation: [ˈɔstˌziːdlʊŋ], literally east settling), in English called the German eastward expansion, was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of German-speaking people from the Holy Roman Empire, especially its southern and western portions, into less-populated regions of eastern Central Europe and western Eastern Europe.

In Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period (550-790) comes between the Migration Period and the Viking Age.

Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages.

The Capitulary of Quierzy (pronounced Kiersy), was a capitulary of the emperor Charles II, comprising a series of measures for safeguarding the administration of his realm during his second Italian expedition, as well as directions for his son Louis the Stammerer, who was entrusted with the government during his father's absence.

This article contains a list of the oldest existing universities in continuous operation in the world.

European science in the Middle Ages comprised the study of nature, mathematics and natural philosophy in medieval Europe.

Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of Chalcedonian Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration.

From the 11th to 13th centuries, medieval Europe absorbed knowledge from Islamic civilization, which was then at its cultural peak.

The history of Christianity during the Middle Ages is the history of Christianity between the Fall of Rome (c. 476) and the onset of the Protestant Reformation during the early 16th century, the development usually taken to mark the beginning of modern Christianity.

Antisemitism in the history of the Jews in the Middle Ages became increasingly prevalent in the Late Middle Ages.

Fool's literature was a literary tradition in medieval Europe in which the stock character of a fool was used as an allegory to satirize the contemporary society.

A palfrey is a type of horse that was highly valued as a riding horse in the Middle Ages.

Scribal abbreviations or sigla (singular: siglum or sigil) are the abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin, and later in Greek and Old Norse.

The medieval history of the Serer people of Senegambia is partly characterised by resisting Islamization from perhaps the 11th century during the Almoravid movement (which would later result in the Serers of Takrur migration to the south), to the 19th century Marabout movement of Senegambia and continuation of the old Serer paternal dynasties.

An abandoned village is a village that has, for some reason, been deserted.

Horses in the Middle Ages differed in size, build and breed from the modern horse, and were, on average, smaller.

Apage is an Ancient Greek word (ἄπαγε, Imperative of ἀπάγω, “lead away”) and means: * In Ancient Greek an annoyed exclamation: Pack off!, Away with you! or as the phrase Ἄπαγε ἐς μακαρίαν ἐκποδῶν: Damn you!.

Note: All dates are Common Era.

The Chronica Majora is an important medieval illuminated manuscript chronicle written in Latin by Matthew Paris, a Benedictine monk living in the Abbey of St Albans.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Middle Ages: Middle Ages – periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century.

Post-classical history (also called the Post-Antiquity era, Post-Ancient Era, or Pre-Modern Era) is the period of time that immediately followed ancient history and preceded the modern history.

The geography of Scotland in the Middle Ages covers all aspects of the land that is now Scotland, including physical and human, between the departure of the Romans in the early fifth century from what are now the southern borders of the country, to the adoption of the major aspects of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century.