2017-07-31T22:13:01+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Methylglyoxal, Virilization, 21-Hydroxylase, Pyruvic acid, Coproporphyrinogen I, Hypercalcaemia, Basal metabolic rate, Acetyl-CoA, Bilirubin, Urate oxidase, Bone resorption, Inborn error of metabolism, Gluconeogenesis, Succinic acid, Nitrogen fixation, Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase, Coenzyme A, Uridine triphosphate, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, Citrate synthase, Fermentation, Chlorin, Digestion, Corrin, Hibernation, Adenosine triphosphate, Hypocalcaemia, Nitrogen cycle, Biosynthesis, Blood test, Human digestive system, Porphobilinogen, Stercobilin, Porphyrin, Phosphopantetheine, Neopterin, Light-independent reactions, Hyperthecosis, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme, MetaCyc, Bilirubin diglucuronide, Crotonyl-CoA, Alpha-aminoadipate pathway, Snf3, Glycogen branching enzyme, Metabolic disorder, Enzyme Function Initiative, Flux (metabolism), Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase, Propionyl-CoA, Formate dehydrogenase, Perilipin, Carboxypeptidase E, Non-competitive inhibition, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, NAD+ kinase, Stearoyl-CoA, Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase, Ubiquinol oxidase, Carboxypeptidase A, Pharmacometabolomics, Phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing), Phosphomevalonic acid, Agmatine, Ketosis, Drug metabolism, Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, Carboxypeptidase B flashcards
Metabolism

Metabolism

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  • Methylglyoxal
    Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO.
  • Virilization
    Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body.
  • 21-Hydroxylase
    Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is involved with the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones aldosterone and cortisol.
  • Pyruvic acid
    Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.
  • Coproporphyrinogen I
    Coproporphyrinogen I is a tetrapyrrole which accumulates in acute intermittent porphyria.
  • Hypercalcaemia
    Hypercalcaemia, also spelled hypercalcemia, is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum.
  • Basal metabolic rate
    Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
  • Acetyl-CoA
    Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions.
  • Bilirubin
    Bilirubin (formerly referred to as haematoidin) is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
  • Urate oxidase
    The enzyme urate oxidase (UO), or uricase or factor-independent urate hydroxylase, absent in humans, catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate: Uric acid + O2 + H2O → 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2 → allantoin + CO2
  • Bone resorption
    Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
  • Inborn error of metabolism
    Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of metabolism.
  • Gluconeogenesis
    Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
  • Succinic acid
    Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnᵻk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
  • Nitrogen fixation
    Nitrogen fixation is a process in which nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3).
  • Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
    Steroid 11β-hydroxylase is a steroid hydroxylase found in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata.
  • Coenzyme A
    Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
  • Uridine triphosphate
    Uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) is a pyrimidine Nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1' carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5' position.
  • Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
    Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as Harden-Young ester, is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (i.e., is a fructosephosphate).
  • Citrate synthase
    The enzyme citrate synthase [E.
  • Fermentation
    Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol.
  • Chlorin
    In organic chemistry, a chlorin is a large heterocyclic aromatic ring consisting, at the core, of three pyrroles and one pyrroline coupled through four =CH- linkages.
  • Digestion
    (For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. For the treatment of precipitates in analytical chemistry, see Precipitation (chemistry) § Digestion.) Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.
  • Corrin
    Corrin is an heterocyclic compound.
  • Hibernation
    Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms.
  • Adenosine triphosphate
    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate, a small molecule used in cells as a coenzyme.
  • Hypocalcaemia
    Hypocalcaemia, also spelled hypocalcemia, is low calcium levels in the blood serum.
  • Nitrogen cycle
    The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
  • Biosynthesis
    Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
  • Blood test
    A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick.
  • Human digestive system
    The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
  • Porphobilinogen
    Porphobilinogen (PBG) is a pyrrole involved in porphyrin metabolism.
  • Stercobilin
    Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.
  • Porphyrin
    Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH−).
  • Phosphopantetheine
    Phosphopantetheine, also known as 4'-Phosphopantetheine, is an essential prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein (ACP) and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) and aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) derived from Coenzyme A.
  • Neopterin
    Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a purine nucleotide.
  • Light-independent reactions
    The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.
  • Hyperthecosis
    Hyperthecosis is hyperplasia of the theca interna of the ovary.
  • S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme
    S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6) (also known as methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT)) is an enzyme that creates S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) by reacting methionine (a non-polar amino acid) and ATP (the basic currency of energy).
  • MetaCyc
    MetaCyc applications include use as a reference data set for computationally predicting the metabolic pathways of organisms from their sequenced genomes; it has been used to perform pathway predictions for thousands of organisms, including those in the BioCyc Database Collection.
  • Bilirubin diglucuronide
    Bilirubin diglucuronide is a conjugated form of bilirubin formed in bilirubin metabolism.
  • Crotonyl-CoA
    Crotonyl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan.
  • Alpha-aminoadipate pathway
    The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid L-lysine.
  • Snf3
    Snf3 is a protein which regulates glucose uptake in yeast.
  • Glycogen branching enzyme
    Glycogen branching enzyme is an enzyme that adds branches to the growing glycogen molecule during the synthesis of glycogen, a storage form of glucose.
  • Metabolic disorder
    A metabolic disorder can happen when abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabolic process.
  • Enzyme Function Initiative
    The Enzyme Function Initiative (EFI) is a large-scale collaborative project aiming to develop and disseminate a robust strategy to determine enzyme function through an integrated sequence–structure-based approach.
  • Flux (metabolism)
    Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway.
  • Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
    Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (SCS, also known as succinyl-CoA synthetase or succinate thiokinase or succinate-CoA ligase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of succinyl-CoA to succinate.
  • Propionyl-CoA
    Propionyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of propionic acid.
  • Formate dehydrogenase
    Formate dehydrogenases are a set of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide, donating the electrons to a second substrate, such as NAD+ in formate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.1.2) or to a cytochrome in formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.2.1).
  • Perilipin
    Perilipin, also known as lipid droplet-associated protein or PLIN, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PLIN gene.
  • Carboxypeptidase E
    Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.
  • Non-competitive inhibition
    Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.
  • Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
    Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway), and is used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids.
  • NAD+ kinase
    NAD+ kinase (EC 2.7.1.23, NADK) is an enzyme that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into NADP+ through phosphorylating the NAD+ coenzyme.
  • Stearoyl-CoA
    Stearoyl-CoA is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.
  • Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
    Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF dehydrogenase or electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.5.1) is an enzyme that transfers electrons from electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondrial matrix, to the ubiquinone pool in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • Ubiquinol oxidase
    Ubiquinol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.11) are enzymes in the bacterial electron transport chain that oxidise ubiquinol into ubiquinone and reduce oxygen to water.
  • Carboxypeptidase A
    Carboxypeptidase A usually refers to the pancreatic exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds of C-terminal residues with aromatic or aliphatic side-chains.
  • Pharmacometabolomics
    Pharmacometabolomics, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from metabolomics, the quantification and analysis of metabolites produced by the body.
  • Phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing)
    The enzyme phenylalanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.11, phenylalanine racemase, phenylalanine racemase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolysing), gramicidin S synthetase I) is the enzyme that acts on amino acids and derivatives.
  • Phosphomevalonic acid
    Phosphomevalonic acid is an intermediate in the Mevalonate pathway.
  • Agmatine
    Agmatine, also known as (4-aminobutyl)guanidine, is an aminoguanidine that was discovered in 1910 by Albrecht Kossel.
  • Ketosis
    Ketosis is a metabolic state in which some of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis in which blood glucose provides most of the energy.
  • Drug metabolism
    Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.
  • Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
    Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism.
  • Carboxypeptidase B
    Carboxypeptidase B (EC 3.4.17.2, protaminase, pancreatic carboxypeptidase B, tissue carboxypeptidase B, peptidyl-L-lysine [L-arginine]hydrolase) is a carboxypeptidase that preferentially acts upon basic amino acids, such as arginine and lysine.