Metabolism

Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO.

Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body.

Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is involved with the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones aldosterone and cortisol.

Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.

Coproporphyrinogen I is a tetrapyrrole which accumulates in acute intermittent porphyria.

Hypercalcaemia, also spelled hypercalcemia, is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.

Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions.

Bilirubin (formerly referred to as haematoidin) is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.

The enzyme urate oxidase (UO), or uricase or factor-independent urate hydroxylase, absent in humans, catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate: Uric acid + O2 + H2O → 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2 → allantoin + CO2

Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.

Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of metabolism.

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnᵻk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.

Nitrogen fixation is a process in which nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3).

Steroid 11β-hydroxylase is a steroid hydroxylase found in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata.

Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.

Uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) is a pyrimidine Nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1' carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5' position.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as Harden-Young ester, is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (i.e., is a fructosephosphate).

The enzyme citrate synthase [E.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol.

In organic chemistry, a chlorin is a large heterocyclic aromatic ring consisting, at the core, of three pyrroles and one pyrroline coupled through four =CH- linkages.

(For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. For the treatment of precipitates in analytical chemistry, see Precipitation (chemistry) § Digestion.) Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.

Corrin is an heterocyclic compound.

Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate, a small molecule used in cells as a coenzyme.

Hypocalcaemia, also spelled hypocalcemia, is low calcium levels in the blood serum.

The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick.

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

Porphobilinogen (PBG) is a pyrrole involved in porphyrin metabolism.

Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.

Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH−).

Phosphopantetheine, also known as 4'-Phosphopantetheine, is an essential prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein (ACP) and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) and aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) derived from Coenzyme A.

Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a purine nucleotide.

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.

Hyperthecosis is hyperplasia of the theca interna of the ovary.

S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6) (also known as methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT)) is an enzyme that creates S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) by reacting methionine (a non-polar amino acid) and ATP (the basic currency of energy).

MetaCyc applications include use as a reference data set for computationally predicting the metabolic pathways of organisms from their sequenced genomes; it has been used to perform pathway predictions for thousands of organisms, including those in the BioCyc Database Collection.

Bilirubin diglucuronide is a conjugated form of bilirubin formed in bilirubin metabolism.

Crotonyl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan.

The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid L-lysine.

Snf3 is a protein which regulates glucose uptake in yeast.

Glycogen branching enzyme is an enzyme that adds branches to the growing glycogen molecule during the synthesis of glycogen, a storage form of glucose.

A metabolic disorder can happen when abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabolic process.

The Enzyme Function Initiative (EFI) is a large-scale collaborative project aiming to develop and disseminate a robust strategy to determine enzyme function through an integrated sequence–structure-based approach.

Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway.

Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (SCS, also known as succinyl-CoA synthetase or succinate thiokinase or succinate-CoA ligase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of succinyl-CoA to succinate.

Propionyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of propionic acid.

Formate dehydrogenases are a set of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide, donating the electrons to a second substrate, such as NAD+ in formate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.1.2) or to a cytochrome in formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.2.1).

Perilipin, also known as lipid droplet-associated protein or PLIN, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PLIN gene.

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.

Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway), and is used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids.

NAD+ kinase (EC 2.7.1.23, NADK) is an enzyme that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into NADP+ through phosphorylating the NAD+ coenzyme.

Stearoyl-CoA is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.

Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF dehydrogenase or electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.5.1) is an enzyme that transfers electrons from electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondrial matrix, to the ubiquinone pool in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Ubiquinol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.11) are enzymes in the bacterial electron transport chain that oxidise ubiquinol into ubiquinone and reduce oxygen to water.

Carboxypeptidase A usually refers to the pancreatic exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds of C-terminal residues with aromatic or aliphatic side-chains.

Pharmacometabolomics, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from metabolomics, the quantification and analysis of metabolites produced by the body.

The enzyme phenylalanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.11, phenylalanine racemase, phenylalanine racemase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolysing), gramicidin S synthetase I) is the enzyme that acts on amino acids and derivatives.

Phosphomevalonic acid is an intermediate in the Mevalonate pathway.

Agmatine, also known as (4-aminobutyl)guanidine, is an aminoguanidine that was discovered in 1910 by Albrecht Kossel.

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which some of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis in which blood glucose provides most of the energy.

Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.

Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism.

Carboxypeptidase B (EC 3.4.17.2, protaminase, pancreatic carboxypeptidase B, tissue carboxypeptidase B, peptidyl-L-lysine [L-arginine]hydrolase) is a carboxypeptidase that preferentially acts upon basic amino acids, such as arginine and lysine.