2023-02-08T04:06:08+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p><strong>Basic science</strong> <strong>research</strong></p>, <p><strong>Control (standard)</strong></p>, <p>The use of controls also allows investigators to check for _____.</p>, <p><strong>Positive controls</strong></p>, <p>Positive controls are often used to assess <u>_____.</u></p>, <p><strong>Negative controls</strong>,</p>, <p>What is the purpose of a negative control?</p>, <p><strong>Placebo effect</strong></p>, <p>A placebo is an example of a _____. </p>, <p>What are the two main advantages of being able to manipulate all of the relevant experimental conditions in a basic scientific experiment?</p>, <p>Causality is an _____ relationship.</p>, <p><strong>Independent variable</strong></p>, <p><strong>Dependent variable</strong></p>, <p>What two conditions are necessary to establish causality?</p>, <p>The independent variable belongs on the _____ axis, and the dependent variable belongs on the _____ axis.</p>, <p><strong>Replication</strong></p>, <p><strong>Accuracy</strong></p>, <p><strong>Precision</strong></p>, <p>A 170-pound person standing on a scale that is _____ may get readings between 150 and 190 pounds.</p>, <p>A 170-pound person standing on a scale that is _____ may get readings between 129 and 131 pounds.</p>, <p>Bias is a _____.</p>, <p><strong>Systematic error</strong></p>, <p><strong>Random error</strong></p>, <p>Random error is overcome by having a _____.</p>, <p>Systematic error is overcome by using _____.</p>, <p>Precision is to _____ as accuracy is to _____.</p> flashcards
MCAT Physics and Math 11.2: Basic Science Research

MCAT Physics and Math 11.2: Basic Science Research

  • Basic science research

    The kind of research conducted in a laboratory, and not on people

  • Control (standard)

    An experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable

  • The use of controls also allows investigators to check for _____.

    contamination of reagents

  • Positive controls

    Positive controls are those that ensure a change in the dependent variable when it is expected.

  • Positive controls are often used to assess _____.

    test validity

  • Negative controls,

    Negative controls ensure no change in the dependent variable when no change is expected.

  • What is the purpose of a negative control?

    The essential purpose of a negative control is to reproduce a condition that cannot involve the hypothesized causal mechanism, but is very likely to involve the same sources of bias that may have been present in the original association.

    i.e. examines for confounding variables

  • Placebo effect

    A beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment

  • A placebo is an example of a _____.

    negative control

  • What are the two main advantages of being able to manipulate all of the relevant experimental conditions in a basic scientific experiment?

    1. The effects of confounding variables can be minimized by using control groups.

    2. Causality can often be established.

  • Causality is an _____ relationship.

    if–then

  • Independent variable

    the variable being manipulated

    the "if"

  • Dependent variable

    the variable being measured or observed

    the "then"

  • What two conditions are necessary to establish causality?

    1. The change in the independent variable always precedes the change in the dependent variable

    2. The change in the dependent variable does not occur in the absence of the experimental intervention

  • The independent variable belongs on the _____ axis, and the dependent variable belongs on the _____ axis.

    x-axis

    y-axis

  • Replication

    The repetition of the set of all the treatment combinations to be compared in an experiment

    Each of the repetitions is called a replicate.

  • Accuracy

    Accuracy, also called validity, is the ability of an instrument to measure a true value.

  • Precision

    Precision, also called reliability, is the ability of the instrument to read consistently, or within a narrow range.

  • A 170-pound person standing on a scale that is _____ may get readings between 150 and 190 pounds.

    accurate but imprecise

  • A 170-pound person standing on a scale that is _____ may get readings between 129 and 131 pounds.

    inaccurate but precise

  • Bias is a _____.

    systematic error

  • Systematic error

    Systematic error always occurs, with the same value, when we use the instrument in the same way and in the same case.

  • Random error

    Random error may vary from observation to another.

  • Random error is overcome by having a _____.

    large sample size

  • Systematic error is overcome by using _____.

    standardized procedures (same instruments, same conditions, same calibrations, same procedure, etc)

  • Precision is to _____ as accuracy is to _____.

    reliability

    validity