Materials science

In solid-state physics, the electron mobility characterizes how quickly an electron can move through a metal or semiconductor, when pulled by an electric field.

Nitriding is a heat treating process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of a metal to create a case-hardened surface.

A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a solvent.

Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred to as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.

Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation.

A photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in several industrial processes, such as photolithography and photoengraving, to form a patterned coating on a surface.

An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element.

Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in the crystalline solids (see crystal structure).

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons.

Nondestructive testing or Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface.

A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium.

Thermal analysis is a branch of materials science where the properties of materials are studied as they change with temperature.

Thermal spraying techniques are coating processes in which melted (or heated) materials are sprayed onto a surface.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it.

Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance.

Hysteresis is the time-based dependence of a system's output on present and past inputs.

Surface states are electronic states found at the surface of materials.

In materials science, deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to- * an applied force (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through work) or * a change in temperature (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through heat).

A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic (cer) and metallic (met) materials.

Cemented carbide is a hard material used extensively in cutting tools for machining, as well as other industrial applications.

Chrome plating (less commonly chromium plating), often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal or plastic object.

An ohmic contact is a non-rectifying electrical junction: a junction between two conductors that has a linear current–voltage (I-V) curve as with Ohm's law.

An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (having both viscosity and elasticity) and very weak inter-molecular forces, generally having low Young's modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials.

Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.

Strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, is a subject which deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains.

SLinCA@Home (Scaling Laws in Cluster Aggregation) is a research project that uses Internet-connected computers to do research in fields such as physics and materials science.

In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated.

Sputtering is a process whereby particles are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles, particularly, in the laboratory, gas ions.

Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers.

Wear is related to interactions between surfaces and specifically the removal and deformation of material on a surface as a result of mechanical action of the opposite surface.

Reptation is the thermal motion of very long linear, entangled macromolecules in polymer melts or concentrated polymer solutions.

In physics, an entropic force acting in a system is a force resulting from the entire system's thermodynamical tendency to increase its entropy, rather than from a particular underlying microscopic force.

Liquipel is a nanotechnology solutions provider that works with manufacturers and directly with the public to provide super-hydrophobic protection and corrosion resistance to a variety of products, including smartphones, ear buds and headphones, tablets and other mobile electronics.

Photoelasticity is a method to determine the stress distribution in a material experimentally.

Solids can be classified according to the nature of the bonding between their atomic or molecular components.

Photoelectrochemical processes are processes in photoelectrochemistry; they usually involve transforming light into other forms of energy.

In science, buckling is a mathematical instability, leading to a failure mode.

The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) is a major UK engineering institution whose activities encompass the whole materials cycle, from exploration and extraction, through characterisation, processing, forming, finishing and application, to product recycling and land reuse.

Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied.

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is an intrinsic property that quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.

Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering which deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed load (weight, force, etc...) without breaking, tearing apart, or collapsing, and includes the study of breakage that has previously occurred in order to prevent failures in future designs.

A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

The Electron Microscopy Center is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory.

The Nordic Institute of Dental Materials AS (NIOM AS) is the Nordic Cooperative Body for dental biomaterials.

In materials science, segregation refers to the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system.

Cementite, also known as iron carbide, is an intermetallic compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C.

Joseph-Louis Lambot (born 22 May 1814 in Montfort sur Argens; died 2 August 1887 in Brignoles), is the inventor of ferro-cement, which led to the development of what is now known as reinforced concrete.

Microstructure is the small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by a microscope above 25× magnification.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tetramethacrylate or PEDOT-TMA is a p-type conducting polymer based on 3,4-ethylenedioxylthiophene or the EDOT monomer.

Friability (pronounced /ˌfraɪəˈbɪlətiː/, "fry-uh-BIL-uh-tee"), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing.

Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) is a group of computer programs which calculate interaction of ions with matter; the core of SRIM is a program Transport of ions in matter (TRIM).

ASM International, formerly known as the American Society for Metals, is a professional organization for materials scientists and engineers.

Modti Inc. is a Finnish technology company headquartered in Joensuu, Finland, that designs, develops, and sells its shape programmable hardware technology.

Henry Clay Fry (1840 – 1929) was an American entrepreneur in the glass industry in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.

Marcel Joseph Vogel (April 14, 1917 – February 12, 1991) was a research scientist working at the IBM San Jose Research Center for 27 years.

The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS) is a professional organization for materials scientists and engineers that encompasses the entire range of materials and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production to basic research and the advanced applications of materials.

X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.

The Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society located in Düsseldorf.

CILAS is a French company, a subsidiary of EADS Astrium, specialized in laser and optics technology, founded in 1966.

A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress.

Arun Majumdar is a materials scientist, engineer, and University of California, Berkeley graduate who was President Barack Obama's nominee for the Under Secretary of Energy between November 30, 2011 and May 15, 2012.