Legal history

"An eye for an eye", or the law of retaliation, is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree, or in softer interpretations, the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation.

A pogrom is a violent riot aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews.

A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes.

According to Roman tradition, the Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law.

Apologia (from Greek ἀπολογία, "speaking in defense") is a formal defense of a position or action.

Collective responsibility also known as collective guilt is a concept in which individuals are responsible for other people's actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them, without actively collaborating in these actions.

The Danelaw (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: Danelagen), as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.

The German Historical School of Jurisprudence is a 19th-century intellectual movement in the study of German law.

Cyfraith Hywel (Welsh: [ˈkəvraiθ ˈhəwɛl]; Laws of Hywel), also known as Welsh law (Latin: Leges Walliæ ), was the system of law practised in medieval Wales before its final conquest by England.

Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð, also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise with wording relating to something considered sacred as a sign of verity.

The Sanhedrin (Hebrew: סַנְהֶדְרִין sanhedrîn, Greek: Συνέδριον, synedrion, "sitting together," hence "assembly" or "council") was an assembly of twenty-three to seventy-one men appointed in every city in the Land of Israel.

Brigandage refers to the life and practice of brigands: highway robbery and plunder.

An inquisitorial system is a legal system where the court or a part of the court is actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, as opposed to an adversarial system where the role of the court is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecution and the defense.

Common land is land owned collectively by a number of persons, or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.

A scaffold (French: échafaud, German: Schafott) is a raised, stage-like site for public executions.

Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium.

In law, a merism is a figure of speech by which a single thing is referred to by a conventional phrase that enumerates several of its parts, or which lists several synonyms for the same thing.

The origin of the current law of the People's Republic of China can be traced back to the period of the early 1930s, during the establishment of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without having made a valid will or other binding declaration.

The legal history of the Catholic Church is the history of the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions.

Apage is an Ancient Greek word (ἄπαγε, Imperative of ἀπάγω, “lead away”) and means: * In Ancient Greek an annoyed exclamation: Pack off!, Away with you! or as the phrase Ἄπαγε ἐς μακαρίαν ἐκποδῶν: Damn you!.

A bill of attainder (also known as an act of attainder or writ of attainder or bill of pains and penalties) is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial.

"Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy" is one of the Ten Commandments found in the Hebrew Bible.