2021-12-09T06:09:21+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Cholinergic fibers use ________ as the neurotransmitter., In a neuron at rest, concentrations of ________ are higher in the ECF than that in the cytosol, whereas ________ have the opposite distribution., The central nervous system (CNS) consists of: a: spinal nerves, b: cranial nerves, c: brain, d: spinal cord, e: nerves in upper and lower limbs., Which structure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum., Which statement is most true?, In the picture below, nerve A is sending the same neurotransmitter to both nerves B and C. However, nerve B responds with an action potential, but nerve C does not generate an action potential. Which of the following explanations could LIKELY account for this difference in response? I. The post-synaptic response on nerve B was excitatory (EPSP). II. The neurotransmitter receptors on nerve C are the same as those on nerve B. III. In response to the neurotransmitter, K+ channels opened in nerve B. IV. In response to the neurotransmitter, Cl- channels opened in nerve C, The space associated with the spinal cord meninges which contains cerebrospinal fluid is known as the _ and is found between the _ mater and the _ mater, You are tutoring a student in anatomy and he asks you which would be the best way to inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter. Yo9u let him know that the best way is to, Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is known as the, The brain stem consists of the ________. a: pons, b: medulla, c: cerebellum, d: midbrain, e: cerebral hemisphere, The resting membrane potential is caused by, The most caudal part of the brain, the ________, blends into the spinal cord at the level of foramen magnum., On an exam, a student was asked to describe the process of saltatory conduction. The student wrote the following answer: Saltatory conduction occurs only in myelinated nerves. The myelin serves as an insulator and prevents the depolarizing current from dissipating (disappearing) through the membrane. The action potential is generated at the axon hillock and at Nodes of Ranvier where voltage-gated channels are found. Saltatory conduction is much faster than continuous conduction, ​​Organize the cerebral lobes visible on the superior surface of the brain in the correct anterior-posterior order. a: Parietal, b: Frontal, c: Occipital, A chemical synapse include the following: a. axon terminal, b. presynaptic cell, c. synaptic cleft, d. postsynaptic cell, e. Dendrite, Below is a picture of two nerve cells in series. The two ovals at the synapse between the nerves represent transmembrane (integral) proteins that are touchingWhich of the following statements is CORRECT regarding this picture? I. Nerve A would be considered a pre-synaptic neuron. II. This is most likely an electrical synapse. III. The two oval structures are made of proteins called connexons IV. These neurons would likely release epinephrine at the synapse., Put the following events in the CORRECT order of occurrence at a synapse: 1. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft. 2. Action Potential is sent along pre-synaptic neuron. 3. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter occurs. 4. Ca2+ voltage gated channels open at terminal bouton of pre-synaptic neuron 5. Synaptic vesicles migrate to fuse with pre-synaptic terminal bouton. 6. Neurotransmitter binds with post-synaptic neuron receptors., Arrange the cranial meninges in the correct order, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater, b: Pia mater, c: Arachnoid, During depolarization of a neuron, the ________ flow of Na + causes the ECF along the outside of plasma membrane to become ________ charged., Which of the following events contribute to the communication process within the central nervous system? I. action potential propagation along a nerve axon II. ion flow through electrical synapses III. myelination of nerve axons IV. neurotransmitter binding at post-synaptic neurons, Ion channels that nongated are called ________ channels., The poison found in puffer fish blocks voltage - gated sodium channels. What effect would this poison have on the function of neurons?, When dissecting a cadaver, your friend notices that the diencephalon is abnormally small and appears to have stopped growing during development. Which structures would be missing or abnormal?, The median membrane between the lateral ventricles is the, Which of following cells is phagocytotic?, The horizontally fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the, Destruction of the amygdaloid body would primarily result in ________., The blood-brain barrier is made up of, Which of the statements about refractory periods is true?, In the figure, if S 2 indicated a stimulus from a different source, and S 1 occurred coincident with S 2, what type of summation has been generated?, List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS. a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi b: CSF enters the blood c: CSF flows through ventricles before through the median and lateral apertures. d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, Cerebrospinal fluid is located in ________., If a neuron is located entirely in the CNS, this neuron is a(n), Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), The infundibulum connects the: a: pineal gland b: pituitary gland c: hypothalamus d: pons e. epithalamus, Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal and travel through an intervertebral foramen above or below the vertebra of the same number. Which of the following is an exception?, The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate onnective tissue that contains tiny blood vessels and follows every contour of the brain surface is the, The fibrous extension of the conus covered by pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx is the, Which cells have the function of producing cerebrospinal fluid., The dendrites of a neuron, In a typical motor nerve, voltage-gated Na+ channels are located at the I. Nodes of Ranvier II. myelin sheath III. axon hillock IV. dendrites, ________ is the portion of a neuron that is the biosynthetic and metabolic center of a neuron., The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential: 1. sodium channels are closed 2. more voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 3. sodium channels return to their resting properties 4. a graded depolarization brings depolarization to threshold 5. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs 6. sodium channels open 7. sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs, What does the sodium - potassium pump do?, When a neuron is activated by a threshold stimulation, ________ channels open, which allows these ions to quickly, Which of the following is a glial cell(s) found in the peripheral nervous system? a: satellite cells b: microglia c: astrocytes d: oligodendrocytes e: schwann cells, The postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex. a: visual b: olfactory c: primary sensory d: primary motor e: auditory, The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of I. cranial nerves II. brain III. spinal nerves IV. ganglia V. spinal cord VI. sensory receptors, What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? a:thoracic b: cervical c: lumbar d: coccygeal e: sacral, Why is a neuron in the CNS not usually replaced after injury? flashcards
KN 251 Exam 2 (Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15)

KN 251 Exam 2 (Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15)

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  • Cholinergic fibers use ________ as the neurotransmitter.
    Acetylcholine
  • In a neuron at rest, concentrations of ________ are higher in the ECF than that in the cytosol, whereas ________ have the opposite distribution.
    sodium and chloride ions; potassium ions
  • The central nervous system (CNS) consists of: a: spinal nerves, b: cranial nerves, c: brain, d: spinal cord, e: nerves in upper and lower limbs.
    c and d only
  • Which structure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
    transverse fissure
  • Which statement is most true?
    Some axons are myelinated; all dendrites and cell bodies are unmylinated.
  • In the picture below, nerve A is sending the same neurotransmitter to both nerves B and C. However, nerve B responds with an action potential, but nerve C does not generate an action potential. Which of the following explanations could LIKELY account for this difference in response? I. The post-synaptic response on nerve B was excitatory (EPSP). II. The neurotransmitter receptors on nerve C are the same as those on nerve B. III. In response to the neurotransmitter, K+ channels opened in nerve B. IV. In response to the neurotransmitter, Cl- channels opened in nerve C
    I and IV only
  • The space associated with the spinal cord meninges which contains cerebrospinal fluid is known as the _ and is found between the _ mater and the _ mater
    Subarachnoid space, arachnoid, pia
  • You are tutoring a student in anatomy and he asks you which would be the best way to inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter. Yo9u let him know that the best way is to
    block Ca 2+ influx in the axon terminal.
  • Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is known as the
    Saltatory conduction
  • The brain stem consists of the ________. a: pons, b: medulla, c: cerebellum, d: midbrain, e: cerebral hemisphere
    a, b, d only
  • The resting membrane potential is caused by
    uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to ions.
  • The most caudal part of the brain, the ________, blends into the spinal cord at the level of foramen magnum.
    Medulla Oblongata
  • On an exam, a student was asked to describe the process of saltatory conduction. The student wrote the following answer: Saltatory conduction occurs only in myelinated nerves. The myelin serves as an insulator and prevents the depolarizing current from dissipating (disappearing) through the membrane. The action potential is generated at the axon hillock and at Nodes of Ranvier where voltage-gated channels are found. Saltatory conduction is much faster than continuous conduction
    Correct
  • ​​Organize the cerebral lobes visible on the superior surface of the brain in the correct anterior-posterior order. a: Parietal, b: Frontal, c: Occipital
    b,a,c
  • A chemical synapse include the following: a. axon terminal, b. presynaptic cell, c. synaptic cleft, d. postsynaptic cell, e. Dendrite
    A,b,c,d
  • Below is a picture of two nerve cells in series. The two ovals at the synapse between the nerves represent transmembrane (integral) proteins that are touchingWhich of the following statements is CORRECT regarding this picture? I. Nerve A would be considered a pre-synaptic neuron. II. This is most likely an electrical synapse. III. The two oval structures are made of proteins called connexons IV. These neurons would likely release epinephrine at the synapse.
    II and III
  • Put the following events in the CORRECT order of occurrence at a synapse: 1. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft. 2. Action Potential is sent along pre-synaptic neuron. 3. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter occurs. 4. Ca2+ voltage gated channels open at terminal bouton of pre-synaptic neuron 5. Synaptic vesicles migrate to fuse with pre-synaptic terminal bouton. 6. Neurotransmitter binds with post-synaptic neuron receptors.
    2,4,5,3,1,6
  • Arrange the cranial meninges in the correct order, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater, b: Pia mater, c: Arachnoid
    A,c,b
  • During depolarization of a neuron, the ________ flow of Na + causes the ECF along the outside of plasma membrane to become ________ charged.
    Inward, negatively
  • Which of the following events contribute to the communication process within the central nervous system? I. action potential propagation along a nerve axon II. ion flow through electrical synapses III. myelination of nerve axons IV. neurotransmitter binding at post-synaptic neurons
    I,II,III,IV
  • Ion channels that nongated are called ________ channels.
    leak
  • The poison found in puffer fish blocks voltage - gated sodium channels. What effect would this poison have on the function of neurons?
    The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.
  • When dissecting a cadaver, your friend notices that the diencephalon is abnormally small and appears to have stopped growing during development. Which structures would be missing or abnormal?
    The thalamus, pineal gland, and hypothalamus
  • The median membrane between the lateral ventricles is the
    Septum pellucidum
  • Which of following cells is phagocytotic?
    microglia
  • The horizontally fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the
    Tentorium cerebelli
  • Destruction of the amygdaloid body would primarily result in ________.
    Calming of anger
  • The blood-brain barrier is made up of
    astrocyte bulbous feet, capillary endothelial cells, and pericytes
  • Which of the statements about refractory periods is true?
    The absolute refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential cannot be initiated in that part of the membrane that is undergoing an action potential, no matter how great the strength of the stimulus; The refractory period places an upper limit on the frequency with which a nerve cell can conduct action potentials;
  • In the figure, if S 2 indicated a stimulus from a different source, and S 1 occurred coincident with S 2, what type of summation has been generated?
    Spatial
  • List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS. a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi b: CSF enters the blood c: CSF flows through ventricles before through the median and lateral apertures. d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
    E,c,d,a,b
  • Cerebrospinal fluid is located in ________.
    Both within the central canal and within the ventricles
  • If a neuron is located entirely in the CNS, this neuron is a(n)
    interneuron
  • Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
    Result in hyperpolarizations
  • The infundibulum connects the: a: pineal gland b: pituitary gland c: hypothalamus d: pons e. epithalamus
    B and c
  • Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal and travel through an intervertebral foramen above or below the vertebra of the same number. Which of the following is an exception?
    C8
  • The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate onnective tissue that contains tiny blood vessels and follows every contour of the brain surface is the
    Pia mater
  • The fibrous extension of the conus covered by pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx is the
    Filum terminale
  • Which cells have the function of producing cerebrospinal fluid.
    Ependymal cells
  • The dendrites of a neuron
    carry incoming impulses toward the cell body
  • In a typical motor nerve, voltage-gated Na+ channels are located at the I. Nodes of Ranvier II. myelin sheath III. axon hillock IV. dendrites
    I and III
  • ________ is the portion of a neuron that is the biosynthetic and metabolic center of a neuron.
    Cell body
  • The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential: 1. sodium channels are closed 2. more voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 3. sodium channels return to their resting properties 4. a graded depolarization brings depolarization to threshold 5. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs 6. sodium channels open 7. sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs
    4,6,7,1,2,5,3
  • What does the sodium - potassium pump do?
    The sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains the resting membrane potential of the cell by ejecting 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions entering the cell.
  • When a neuron is activated by a threshold stimulation, ________ channels open, which allows these ions to quickly
    sodium ion; diffuse into the neuron.
  • Which of the following is a glial cell(s) found in the peripheral nervous system? a: satellite cells b: microglia c: astrocytes d: oligodendrocytes e: schwann cells
    A and E
  • The postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex. a: visual b: olfactory c: primary sensory d: primary motor e: auditory
    C
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of I. cranial nerves II. brain III. spinal nerves IV. ganglia V. spinal cord VI. sensory receptors
    VII. neuroglia
  • What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? a:thoracic b: cervical c: lumbar d: coccygeal e: sacral
    b,a,c,e,d
  • Why is a neuron in the CNS not usually replaced after injury?
    Most CNS neurons are not replaced because they lack the ability to divide.