KN 251 Ch.1,4,6

AKA Frontal Plane; it separates the body from the anterior and posterior

AKA Median Plane; Passes though the front to back through midline of body, dividing the body into the right and left

Opposite of superficial; Away from the surface of the body

Opposite of medial; Away from the midline of the body

Opposite of Anterior; Toward the back of the body or relating to the back

Opposite of Distal; Closer to Trunk or Origin of a structure

(Arms: Shoulder is Origin; Legs: Hips are the Origin)

Abdominal Region

- Bounded by abdominal walls, thoracic diaphragm (superior), and pelvic brim (inferior)

- Major organs include: stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and ureters, suprarenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, and lumbar nerve plexus

the greater (or false) pelvis (i.e., between iliac fossae, superior to pelvic inlet)

Pelvic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Middle region of thorax

Lies between sternum and thoracic vertebral bodies

Separates right and left pulmonary cavities

Divided into superior and inferior parts

Inferior mediastinum subdivided into middle, posterior, and anterior part

Great vessels, thymus (remnant in adult), thoracic duct, and parts of trachea and esophagus

Heart, pericardium, and roots of great vessels

Mediastinum and right and left pulmonary cavities

Thoracic aorta, esophagus, and thoracic duct

loose connective tissue (may include thymic remnant in adult)

abdominal wall (anterior)

One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

Upper median region (flanked by right and left hypochondriac regions)

Contents include suprarenal glands and parts of stomach, large intestine, liver and gallbladder, and pancreas

Used in clinical practice to describe location of abdominal organs

Right of midline, superior to transverse plane through umbilicus

Upper right lateral area of abdominopelvic cavity

Contents include right kidney and suprarenal gland, gallbladder, and parts of liver, stomach, pancreas, and small and large intestines

Used in clinical practice to describe location of abdominal organs and abdominal pain

Cytoplasm

Adjacent to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Membrane-bound organelle

Series of flattened sacs (cisternae)

Three subdivisions: (1) cis-face (closest to, and contiguous with RER), (2) intermediate face, and (3) trans-face (farthest from RER)

Transport vesicles, containing newly synthesized proteins from RER, fuse with cis-face

Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins

Modified proteins packaged at trans-face into vesicles that become: lysosomes (contain hydrolytic enzymes), secretory vesicles (undergo exocytosis), or vesicles that add new plasma membrane

cis-face also known as receiving region

trans-face also known as "transport" or "shipping" region

Cytoplasm

Rod-shaped, membrane-bound organelle (0.5-1.0 µm in diameter; up to 7 µm in length)

Has double membrane (i.e., two lipid bilayers): outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane has complex folds called cristae

Intermembrane space between outer and inner membrane

Matrix space enclosed by inner membrane

"Powerhouse" of cell (most cells contain numerous mitochondria)

Synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides chemical energy for cellular respiration (through oxidative phosphorylation)

Nucleus

Dark staining, granular region of nucleus (1-3 µm in diameter)

Usually spherical in shape

1-3 nucleoli present depending on synthetic activity of cell

Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Cytoplasm (perinuclear)

Between nucleus and Golgi apparatus

Membrane-bound organelle

Subdivision of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an interconnected system of tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae)

Has attached ribosomes

Continuous with smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Synthesizes protein for secretion, insertion into plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes and other proteins packaged in vesicles

Skin (between epidermis and hypodermis)

Two layers: papillary (superficial), composed of areolar connective tissue; and reticular (deep), composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Contains appendages of skin: hair follicles and glands (sweat and sebaceous)

Contains sensory nerve endings and dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels

Includes part of hair follicle (which develops as invagination from epidermis)

Supports epidermis

Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength

Receives general sensory stimuli (pain, touch, and temperature) via nerve endings and specialized receptors

Regulates body temperature

Muscles of facial expression

Superficial to the dermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness

Avascular

Major cell type is keratinocyte

Thick skin has five layers (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Thin skin has four layers (stratum lucidum is missing)

Cells of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum lack nuclei

Physical barrier

Protection of underlying structures

Also contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and dendritic cells

Depends on underlying dermis for nutrients (i.e., vascular supply)

Deep to skin

Layer of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue

Contains cutaneous nerves and blood vessels, and glands (sweat and sebaceous)

Contains lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle (pressure receptor)

Contains portions of hair follicles associated with thin skin

Fat storage

Thermal regulation

Permits movement of skin

Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia