carson.henry-
outdoor learning def and countries
- learning outside of the classroom (specifically about the site you are at)
- Canada, Norway, New Zealand, Scotland
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barriers to OL
- Lack of knowledge and guidelines
- Lack of funding and political support
- ratios (1:10-15) don't work for a regular class size
- risk and liability
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traditionally, why did we do outdoor educations?
- personal growth (Fitness for war: very masculine)
- learning about the world by going into the natural world
- skill acquisition in activities
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what are some limitations to the traditional forms of outdoor education?
- expensive
- more time outside = less class time
- risk
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what helps the "cost" argument of why we can't do OE?
- we can do outdoor education in the local environment (Udeskole)
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Udeskole
- regular use of a school’s natural surroundings and cultural settings as extensions of the classroom (gardens, schoolyard, museums, etc)
- learning at places close to the school
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what age group is OE good for? Why?
- lower level education
- same students all day
- more class time compared to high school
- young students = more engaged
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list the zones of outdoor programming from closest to furthest from the school
- School ground
- local neighbourhood
- day excursions
- overnight says
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outdoor experience def
- time spent outdoors in nature
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why should we have and value outdoor experiences?
- In modern, urban society, our time outside, in nature, is limited
- alienation from nature → Nature Deficit Disorder (NDD)
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Nature Deficit Disorder (NDD)
- potential negative consequences of children and adults spending less time in nature
- highlighting the importance of connecting with the natural world for overall well-being
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what can NDD lead to?
- behavioural changes
- physical health problems
- diminished sensory capacity
- weakened ecological literacy
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ecological literacy and why weakening it can be bad
- understanding and appreciation of the natural world and the human place in it
- not understanding that wild animals shouldn’t be touched and can be dangerous → they want the instagram picture
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outdoor experience def
- happens outside, in nature.
- involves emotional response.
- involves challenge, risk, and uncertainty.
- Overcoming the challenge requires competency and/or outside guidance/ support.
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outdoor industry def and includes
- Refers to a variety of economic activities and sectors that have developed around the production, facilitation, and consumption of outdoor experiences.
- production, consumption, facilitation
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production
- The process of making outdoor experiences into purchasable products and services
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facilitation
- Teaching, guiding, coaching, leading
- Camp counsellors, etc
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consumption
- The use of a particular resource or service, whether through the purchase of a product/service or for free
- The USE of the product/service
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6 sectors of the outdoor industry
- recreation
- tourism
- education
- sport
- therapy
- ancillaries
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outdoor recreation
- leisure activities outside
- physical exertion and interaction with nature
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what can outdoor recreation increase in a person?
- improved mental and physical well-being and connection with the natural environment
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outdoor recreation categories
- physical activities
- nature based activities
- winter activities
- water activities
- motorized activities
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outdoor tourism
- Commercial forms of outdoor recreation fall under the category of outdoor tourism
- anything that is sold
- can be guided or self guided
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how many km is "tourism" usually?
- usually at least 100km away from home
- Ex) spending the night in Canmore at a hotel
- If you go to Canmore and don’t spend the night there without buying a package or tour, you’re an outdoor recreationist and not a tourist
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outdoor sport
- outdoor activities that are competitive/ have coaching
- Ex) Mountain biking races, archery competitions, fishing derbies, adventure races, kayaking meets…
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outdoor therapy
- Outdoor therapy focuses on healing and rejuvenation
- Caters to youth and adults afflicted with mental health issues like anxiety and depression, addiction, and PTSD
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ancillary sector
- The businesses, services, and products that are indirectly related to the facilitation, production, and consumption of outdoor activities and experiences
- Retail brands, equipment and apparel manufacturers, media outlets, marketing and consulting, real estate, and so on...
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outdoor education
- Outdoor learning/learning outside the classroom
- Integrating nature into regular curricular planning in school
- Teachers and students using the landscape to learn and teach
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rationales for outdoor education (3)
- Skills
- Physical activity
- Character development
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when did organized and structured forms of outdoor learning occur?
- when lots of people started living in cities (modern industrial cities)
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explain the creation of industrial cities, what was this called?
- when cities began industrializing, people flocked to them for factory jobs
- in 1854, Toronto had 50,000 people - 50 years later it had 200,000
- industrial revolution
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what negatives did the Industrial Revolution create
- cities became crowded (easy to transmit disease)
- streets became dirty (sewage)
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what led to the creation of parks?
- kids playing in the dirty streets led to people wanting them to have a clean place to play
- not having many parks at the time was a problem
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- who said that parks are a necessity for children, advocating for parks to be implemented in cities?
- what was his statement about play?
- Theodore Roosevelt
- "Play is a fundamental need"
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what did the playground mvmnt aim to do?
- keep children safe, reduce truancy & delinquency, & improve attention & physical activity
- no truancy and delinquency → playgrounds would stop kids from not going to school & acting out
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where was the first playground in Canada? what year?
- Halifax
- 1906
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when did Banff become a national park?
- 1885
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explain what the "back to nature" movement started?
- it was the unofficial start of the nature-based recreation and tourism sectors in North America
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what was the religious mvmnt that was created, linked to the YMCA?
- muscular christianity
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muscular christianity def
- A religious movement characterized by patriotic duty, discipline, self-sacrifice, rugged masculinity, and athleticism.
- First organization to promote those ideals was the YMCA
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who founded the YMCA and in what year?
- George williams
- 1844
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what was George Williams concerned about in young men? what did he do about this?
- Was concerned about the lack of healthy PA for men in cities → men would usually be hanging out at the pub or the brothel
- Valued and promoted arts and crafts, athletics, PA outside of the city
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what did the YMCA influence and help create?
- the YWCA
- YMCA for women
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name and explain what mvmnt was associated w scouts?
- the scout mvmnt
- informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor skills, i.e., camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports
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where did the scout mvmnt first take place?
- England
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Who was Robert Baden-Powell and what did he encourage/do?
- was the author of Scouting for Boys (1908) & founder of the Boy Scouts
- Believed that all boys/girls (from the influence of his wife) should learn the outdoor skills that were taught to British soldiers (except the violent skills used in war)
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what was the other group that was created (similar to the scouts)?
- the League of Woodcraft Indians
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who created the League of Woodcraft Indians?
- Ernest Thompson Seton
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which group influenced which group?
- the League of Woodcraft Indians influenced the scouts
- the groups eventually merged
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what did these groups teach and value?
- Taught Woodcraft: outdoor survival skills, i.e., fishing, hunting, fire- starting, cooking, camping, rope work
- Valued honour, duty, discipline, camaraderie, loyalty, cleanliness, usefulness, and generosity
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what did Seton's Woodcraft Indians group do that was stereotypical?
- played Indian
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explain the post war period and what it did to cities and people
- Economic boom
- Population boom
- Expanding cities & suburbs
- Increased leisure time (40hr work week)
- Automobiles (more freedom and mobility)
- Outdoor recreation boom (surplus outdoor equipment from army)
- Environmentalism (greater appreciation for nature)
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what happened in the 1960s and 1970s? (3)
- “Back to nature,” again
- camp and school overlap
- school boards fostered the development of OEE in Canada
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explain what camp and school overlap means
- Camps diversified their programming by incorporating school-like subjects (i.e., music, drama, art, sports, and science)
- Teachers brought camp programming into schools
- Start of summer school programs in outdoor and environmental education in Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba
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what was the first place in Canada to develop OEE?
- Toronto
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what was Outward Bound?
- an outdoor education school
- focused on riskier activities (kayaking trips, coastal sailing)
- modern version of the Scout method
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who founded outward bound?
- Kurt Hahn in England
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explain the canoe trip tragedy
- in 1978, 27 boys and 4 leaders from St. John's school (Ontario) went on a canoe trip on lake Timiskaming
- 12 boys and one leader had died
- bc of not enough training, too much risk, faulty equipment
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what happened after the canoe trip tragedy?
- was a turning point in the development of OE in Canada
- Exposed the shortcomings of outdoor programming (high risk, lack of training)
- schools started to eliminate OE programs
- budgets cut OE programs (drop in OL after 1980)
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OE programs now
- resurgence of OE programs
- outdoor learning schools are now available
- lots of younger kids are learning outdoors now
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sense of place def
- connecting to the environment emotionally, intellectually, culturally
- shaped by personal experiences, memories, etc
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what does sense of place increase
- personal and collective identity
- well-being
- stewardship and care for the environment
- social cohesion
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strata of memory
- meanings are laid down on landscapes in layers, much like layers of sediments that eventually form rock
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pentimento
- a collection of paintings on a single canvas
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palimpsest
- a collection of texts on a single parchment
- The main idea of all 3 of these is the same: layers of meaning are stacked on top of each other, and while the top layer is often the most prevalent, traces of other layers are always there too. We just need to look for them
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how can you develop a sense of place
- 1. spend time in a place
- 2. learn the history of
- 3. engage with the community
- 4. observe the environment
- 5. crate memories
- 6. contribute to place
- 7. reflection and mindfulness
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what are the 3 pillars of outdoor learning
- Learning Site
- Learning Objectives
- Learning Activities
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explain place and universal practice in relation to OE
- place: slow down and engage with all your senses. Somewhere with meaning
- universal practice: can teach something anywhere, without using the landscape often
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Anywoods USA explained
- traditional OE usually treats the outdoors as places without meaning
- it takes content that could be taught anywhere and teaches it at an outdoor site
- this is not what OE is, since it should be meaningful to the site (teach people about the place they are at)
- OE should be creating meaningful connections to the site where the teaching is happening at
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place-based learning
- Local landscape learning → students can connect with that place for longer than usual
- think of connection to the place you are learning at
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landfulness steps explained
- 4 steps
- 1. Becoming deeply aware of our place in the landscape, on the map. What is around us?
- 2. Understand what has happened to shape this place. What was this place like 100 years ago? 1000 years ago? A million years ago?...
- 3. Become aware of what is happening in this place now. Who uses it? Whose habitat is this?
- 4. Connect with the place from home. How can we remain mindful/landful of this place while at home?
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place responsive lesson planning def
- Lessons rooted in local phenomenon found at the site
- Content must be uniquely suited to the surroundings
- teaching about the site you are at
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who made landfulness?
- Molly Baker
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risk management def and ex
- assessing for risks in an activity and taking the right actions to reduce the harmful effects
- seatbelt while driving, helmet while biking
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risk assessment matrix (3 different terms)
- hazard
- risk
- risk assessment
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hazard
- anything with the potential to cause harm
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risk
- the likelihood and severity of being harmed by a hazard
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risk assessment and the risk assessment matrix
- the process of identifying hazards and considering the likelihood & severity of the harm they can cause
- matrix: likelihood (y axis) and severity (x axis), more risk the higher on each axis you go
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teachers need to what...
- have a duty to provide a standard of care
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negligence def
- a wrong committed by one person against another (held liable)
- there are 4 requirements for negligence
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4 requirements for negligence
- Duty of care
- Breach of duty
- Injury
- Causation
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duty of care
- person accused has a duty of care to care for the students
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breach of duty
- person failed to meet the standard of care
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injury
- harm has been caused/ occurred on your watch
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causation
- causal relationship between break of duty and the injury
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risk mitigation (4 things and their ex's)
- avoid (easiest - there is a falling risk (cliff))
- mitigate (create boundaries/ inform students)
- transfer (risk)
- accept (there is a risk of falling)
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explain the difference between the cliff and falling
- the cliff is the hazard while the act of falling off of the cliff is the risk
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risk management plans include what things?
- risk assessments
- emergency action plans (EAPs)
- consent forms
- off site checklists
- incident reporting
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risk assessments include what 3 things
- generic
- specific
- dynamic
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give some examples of generic risks at a site
- exposure to the elements
- traffic
- terrain
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give some examples of specific risks at a site
- site, event, activity, group
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give some examples of dynamic risks at a site
- real time check ins and adaptations
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EAPs explained
- emergency action plans
- all info on hand to respond to injuries
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consent forms explained
- part of "transfer" of risk
- 'blanket' consent forms cover many low risk curricular activities outside of the classroom
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off-site checklists explained
- things that should be done before leaving the classroom
- Ex) medkit, check weather forecast, directions, bathroom break
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Incident reporting and monitoring
- accidents, illnesses, and near misses should all be recorded and kept for records
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principles of a lesson plan (what does it always include?)
- learning objectives, learning activities, learning assessments
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what are the 4 learning objectives in a lesson plan
- learning objectives must be stated in clear language
- must be framed around goals specific to the study
- must be achievable and measurable
- must be linked to provincial curriculum
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2 big things making up lesson plans
- GLO's and SLO's
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GLO's are related to...
- knowledge, skills, attitudes
