66 cards
dara.anthony47Human Reproduction : Leaving Cert
Human Reproduction: Anatomy, Hormones, Menstruation, Birth, Contraception
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Function Of: TestesSite of sperm production and testosterone production
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Function Of: EpididymisWhere sperm matures and is stored
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Function Of: Seminal vesicle, Prostate gland, Cowper's glandProduce seminal fluid which keeps sperm in an alkaline environment, nourishes the sperm and allows them to swim.
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Why are testes found in the scrotum?To keep the testes less than 37 degrees for sperm production
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Function Of: OvaryTo produce eggs(ovas) and to produce the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone
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Function Of: Fallopian TubeSite of fertilisation
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What is the male hormone?Testosterone
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What is the function of this male hormone?It promotes the development of the male primary and secondary characteristics
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3 Male secondary characteristics?1. The enlargement of the larynx and the 'breaking' of the voice 2. Increased muscular development 3. A growth spurt 4. Broadening of the shoulders 5. Increased secretion of sebum
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What are the female hormones?Oestrogen and Progesterone
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What are the hormones functions?Oestrogen: Causes the lining of the uterus to build up, prevents another egg from developing Progesterone: Causes endometrium at thicken, prevents another egg from developing
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What is the menstrual cycle?A 28 day sequences of events that produces and egg and prepares the body for pregnancy
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What happens during the first 1-5 days?Menstruation and the production of another egg inside a Graafian follicle
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What is menstruation?The shedding of the lining of the uterus
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What happens during day 6-14?The lining of the uterus is built up again to prepare for implantation
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What happens on day 14?The Graafian follicle bursts and an egg is released - ovulation
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What is ovulation?Ovulation is the release of an egg from an ovary
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What happens during day 15-28?The Graafian follicle bursts and is filled with yellow cells. This becomes the Corpus Luteum
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What happens on day 22?The Corpus Luteum begins to disintegrate
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What does the disintegration of the Corpus Luteum cause?It causes the reduction in progesterone. The lack of the hormones means the endometrium is no longer built up.
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When is the fertile period?Day 12-16
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What is the fertile period?The time where a woman is most fertile as 1. Sperm can survive in an uterus for 2 days 2. An egg can last in the uterus for 2 days
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What is copulation?Sexual intercourse
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What are the 4 stages of intercourse?Sexual arousal, copulation, orgasm and insemination
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What happens during sexual arousal?1. The penis becomes erect 2. The vagina becomes lubricated
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What happens during copulation?The penis is inserted into the vagina
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What happens during an orgasm?1. Sperm is released from the penis (ejaculation) 2. The vagina and uterus contract
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What is the purpose of contractions in the uterus and vagina?It should move the sperm from the vagina to the fallopian tube within 5 minute
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What is the importance of chemotaxis in sexual intercourse?If an egg is present it releases a chemicals to attract the sperm
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What is fertilisation?The fusion of an egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote
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What occurs during fertilisation?1. The acrosome of the sperm releases enzymes that digests the membrane 2.The sperm loses its tail and the head enters the egg. 3. A chemical reaction occurs in the membrane and prevents other sperm from entering
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What is implantation?The embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus
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When does implantation occur?6-9 days after fertilisation
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What is an amnion?A membrane that forms around an embryo. It secretes amniotic fluid
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Function Of: Amniotic fluidActs as a shock absorber
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What is a chorion?An outer membrane that develops aroind an embryo
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What is the name for the projections from the chorion?Chorion villi
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Function of: PlacentaAllows nutrients, wastes, gases, antibodies and hormones to be exchanged between the blood of the mother and the embryo
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Why must the blood of mother and baby not mix?1. The blood group of mother and child might not be compatible 2. The blood pressure of the mothers system may cause damage to the embryo
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What hormone does the placenta release?Progesterone
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What attaches the embryo to the placenta?Umbilical cord
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What hormones are produced during pregnacy?Oestrogen and Progesterone. First by the Corpus Luteum for 3 months the the placenta
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What does the placenta act like?An endocrine gland
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What causes labour?A drop in progesterone causes the uterus to contract, the release of oxytocin causes further contractions.
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What are the 3 stages of birth?1. Labour 2. Birth 3. After Birth
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What happens during labour?1.Labour usually lasts around 12 hours. 2.Contractions of the uterus pushes the foetus towards the cervix. 3.This causes the cervix to dilate. 4. The contractions cause the amnion to break ('water breaks')
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What happens during birth?1. Birth usually lasts 20mins to an hour 2. The foetus passes through the cervix and vagina 3. The umbilical cord is cut 4. This leaves a scar that will become the navel (belly button)
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What happens during afterbirth?1. The uterus contracts again 2. The placenta is delivered
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What is breastfeeding?The release of milk from the mammary gland?
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What is colostrum?Milk produced within the first few days that is high in nutritional value and contains essential antibodies.
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Why is breastfeeding best?1. Colostrum and milk provide passive immunity (antibodies) 2. Ideal balance of nutrients for the baby 3. Ideal temperature of milk 4. Easily digestible for child
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What is birth control?Methods used to limit the number of children that are born
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What is contraception?Removing the possiblites of conception
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What are mechanical methods of contraception?Male: Condom Female: Diaphragms
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What are chemical methods of contraception?Male: Spermicides Female: Oral contraception
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What are surgical methods of contraception?Male: Cutting/ tying of the sperm duct Female: Cutting/ tying of the fallopian tubes
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What are natural method of contraception?Not having intercourse during fertile period.
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What is infertility?The inability to achieve conception
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What are male infertility disorders?1. Low sperm count 2. Low sperm mobility 3. Endocrine gland failure
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What are causes for male infertility?1. Persistent use of drugs 2. Abnormalities in sperm production or obstruction of tubes 3. Stress
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What are treatments for male infertility?1. Change of lifestyle 2. Reduce stress
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What are female infertility disorders?1. Blockage of the fallopian tube 2. Endocrine gland failure
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What are causes of female infertility?1. Fragments of the endometrium may be spreading into the fallopian tube 2. Inflammation as a result of infection
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What are treatments for female infertility?1. In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)
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What is IVF?Removing of eggs from the ovary and fertilising them outside the body
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What happens in the process of IVF?1. Fertility drugs are given to stimulate the production of eggs 2. The eggs are collected aswell as sprm 3. The egg and sperm are mixed together in conditions ideal for fertilisation 4. The zygote should becomes a morula the a blastocyst then a embryo
