Human development across the lifespan

.made by WHO

.stands for International classification of disease

.used in billing to classify disease.

.made by WHO

.stands for international classification of function

. focus on health condition and contextual factors

.ICF defines components of health and related quality of life

.(intrinsic) :attributes of the individual that impact health, personal

-motivation and cultural perspectives

.(extrinsic) :context in which an individual lives, environmental

-physical, social and attitudinal environment

▫Zygote becomes multicellular blastocyst

▫Development of fetal membranes and placenta

▫Atypical implantation may occur

.Amnioblasts form within blastocyst

.Embryonic disc forms

.Primitive circulation

.By day 12:  blastocyst will have penetrated fully into uterine wall

.By end of second week: completion of implantation

.▫Embryo has flattened appearance with thickening of small area of embryonic disc

▫Embryonic disc forms three layers

-Endoderm- germ layer for the digestive system, many glands, and parts of the respiratory

-Mesoderm- germ layer that forms many muscles, circulatory ,excretory, dermis, skeleton, and connective tissues

-Ectoderm-Nervous system and epithelium

.Primitive streak forms

▫Middle layer of embryonic disc

▫Form muscle, bone, cartilage, and connective tissues, cardiovascular, reproductive, and other internal organs

▫Notochord- rod like structure around which the vertebral column will form

▫Cephalocaudal direction- where the bead shaped buds called somite's go in to a head to tail direction along the long axis of the body

▫Outermost layer of embryonic disc

▫Form nervous system, skin, and teeth

▫Form neural plate,  neural groove, neural tube, and neural crest

▫Form digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems

▫Form digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems

-By the end of this period the embryo will have a distinguishable human resemblance as it begins to curl .

▫Beginning of organogenesis

▫Brain tissue

▫Peripheral nerves

▫Limbs

▫Cardiorespiratory structures

▫Beginning of spinal cord formation

▫Neural tube defects can occur such as spina bifida

▫Limb development will progress in cephalocaudal and proximodistal (from the center, or midline, moving outward

▫Critical changes in most body organs and systems

▫Significant changes to head

-Primitive eyes covered by eyelids

-Auricular hillocks and primitive external ear canals

-Initiation of the division of the heart into atrial and ventricular chambers

-Brain waves can be recorded

▫Formation of cartilage and beginning of ossification

▫Heart has primitive aorta, carotid, subclavian, and pulmonary arteries

▫Cloaca separates into urogenital and anorectal tubes

▫Craniofacial bones will emerge

▫Most sensitive period in the development of the limbs, exposure to teratogens during this period will affect the limbs

▫Embryo will be approximately 5cm long with a well defined head

▫Grows; body parts become more detailed

▫Systems become functional

▫Cartilaginous skeleton visible

▫Vascularization (growth of blood cells) continues

▫Enhanced coordination as a result of neuromuscular system refinement

▫The entire body will be more proportional

▫Ossification will be very active identifying many of the bone through ultrasound

▫Blood will begin to reach the lung epithelium as a result of ongoing capillary proliferation

▫Enhanced coordination as a result of neuromuscular system refinement

▫The entire body will be more proportional

▫Ossification will be very active identifying many of the bone through ultrasound

▫Blood will begin to reach the lung epithelium as a result of ongoing capillary proliferation

▫Enhanced probability of survival for infants born prematurely

▫Oligohydramnios –Decreased amniotic fluid secondary to decreased production of urine by obstruction of the urinary tract

▫ Polyhydramnios – Any problem that interferes with the fetus’s ability to swallow

▫Reaches 2500g (5 ½ lb) mark

▫Born after this point:

-No longer considered premature by weight

-Requires minimal transitional temperature support

Some born around this time will have frequent respiratory difficulties

.From deep sleep to crying; smooth transitions between states

.Gain approximately 2lbs

.Fat will accumulate at a rate of 14g per day in the final weeks of pregnancy

Onset:  prenatal

Integration: 5-6 mths

Position: supine w/ head midline

Procedure: support infants head  & shlds w/ hands and allow head to drop back 20-30°

Response: Abduction of the UEs w/ ext of elbows, wrists, & fingers followed by adduction of arms at shoulders & flex at the elbows

Onset:  prenatal

Integration: 5-6 mths

Position: supine w/ head midline

Procedure: support infants head  & shlds w/ hands and allow head to drop back 20-30°

Response: Abduction of the UEs w/ ext of elbows, wrists, & fingers followed by add of arms at shlds & flex at the elbows

Onset: birth-2mths

Integration:  4-11 mths

Position: supine

Procedure:  place firm pressure on volar aspect of foot directly below the toes

Response:  plantar flexion of toes

Onset: birth-2 mths

Integration: 4-11 mths

Position: supine w/ head midline

Procedure: Place index finger into hand w/ pressure over MCPs

Response: Fingers will flex over the examiner’s.

—Onset: Birth- 2 mths

—Integration: 4-6 mths

—Position: supine

—Procedure: Turn child’s head to the side

—Response: Extension of the arm and leg to which the face is turned along w/ flex of the opposite limbs, producing a “fencing” position

Onset: Prenatal

Integration: 6 mths

Procedure: observe posture in prone

Response: prone: flexor tone dominates, child will not lift head

Supine: extensor tone dominates (child will not flex in pull to sit)

Onset: Prenatal

Integration: 4-6 mths

Position: Place infant prone over your hand

Procedure: stroke w/ pressure along a paravertebral line

Response: Trunk curves w/ shortening on the stimulated side

Onset: Arms=birth

Legs=prenatal

Integration: end of first postnatal mth

Position: Hold child upright

Procedure: brush dorsum of hand/foot against tabletop

Response: limb will lift in flex and then extend as if to place it on the table

—Behavioral State I – deep sleep

—Behavioral State II – active, or REM, sleep

—Behavioral State III – from sleep to wakefulness

—Behavioral State IV – quiet alert. Infant does not have a lot of movement. Extremely imp in establishing social relationships and early learning.

—Behavioral State V – active alert

—Behavioral State VI– crying. Infant is aroused by crying so does not engage interaction