2023-08-29T09:29:18+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Income classifications, Gross National Income, Extreme Poverty, Gross domestic product, Economic characteristics of countries, Social characteristics of countries, Environmental characteristics of countries, Safe water, Impact of safe water on health status, Sanitation, Impact of sanitation on health status, Poverty, Impact of poverty on health status, Impact of racial/religious/sexual orientation/gender identity discrimination on health status, Marketing and distribution of tobacco/alcohol, Marketing and distribution of processed foods, Sustainability, Economic sustainability, Economic sustainability: diversity and innovation, Economic sustainability: economic growth, Economic sustainability: employment, Economic sustainability: trade, Social sustainability, Social sustainability: elimination of poverty and provision of social protection measures, Social sustainability: gender equality, Social sustainability: access to safe and decent working conditions, Social sustainability: promotion of political and legal rights, Social sustainability: peace and stability, Environmental sustainability, Environmental sustainability: biodiversity, Environmental sustainability: use of natural resources, Environmental sustainability: waste removal and pollution, Environmental sustainability: climate change, Human development, Human development index, Advantages of the human development index, Limitations of the human development index, Global trends, Climate change, Rising sea levels, Weather patterns and events, Conflict, Mass migration, World trade, Digital technology flashcards
hhd unit 4 aos 1

hhd unit 4 aos 1

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  • Income classifications
    Countries are classified as low-, middle- (upper and lower) or high- income based on gross national income per capita. This allows for comparisons to be made between population groups and for more efficient efforts to be made in improving health and wellbeing.
  • Gross National Income
    The total income generated within a country over a 12 month period, once all expenses to other countries have been paid.
  • Extreme Poverty
    Relates to those living on less that US$1.90 per day.
  • Gross domestic product
    The value of all goods and services produced within a country over a 12 month period, reflecting economic state.
  • Economic characteristics of countries
    Gross national income per capita; gross domestic product per capita; level of extreme poverty; trade knowledge and access to infrastructure such airports and roads; proportion of agricultural jobs including primary production and subsistence farming reduces trade opportunity; range of industries such as mining and manufacturing reduces likelihood of total negative productivity and promotes stability and sustainability of productivity.
  • Social characteristics of countries
    Gender equality promotes equal opportunity for education, employment and family planning; birth rates and population growth due to contraception access, health literacy and family planning allows population needs to be met sustainably; education and employment rates increases average income and productivity; social security systems reduce extreme poverty; health systems promote health status by treating disease; technology improves education, trade and medical treatment; legal systems prevent civil conflict and preserve human rights; history of colonisation reduces GNI though exploitation of natural resources;
  • Environmental characteristics of countries
    Safe water and sanitation; food security; housing; infrastructure; carbon dioxide emissions;
  • Safe water
    Water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.
  • Impact of safe water on health status
    Access to safe water reduces the risk of communicable diseases such as cholera, dysentery and gastroenteritis. Individuals are also not inhibited from attending school or working productively due to illness or the need to walk long distances to collect water.
  • Sanitation
    The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. Adequate sanitation requires a flushing toilet or covered latrine and hygienic removal or containment of the waste product.
  • Impact of sanitation on health status
    Adequate sanitation facilities reduce the risk of open defecation in bodies of water, street gutters or open areas, which can contribute to contamination of water supplies and thus the spread of communicable disease. Adequate sanitation also promotes education and employment opportunity, as individuals are not inhibited from working productively due to disease or illness, or due to the need to walk potentially long and dangerous journeys to collect water, or lack of sanitation facilities in schools.
  • Poverty
    Deprivation of income leading to a deprivation of material resources Characterised as absolute poverty when living on less than US$1.90 per day or relative poverty when living on less that 50% of the national average income per day.
  • Impact of poverty on health status
    Poverty reduces tax revenue and the capacity of the government to improve health status through healthcare, education, clean water, social protection and shelter. Disparity of wealth may lead to double-burden of disease involving wealth- and poverty- related diseases. Poverty leads to inability to access food security, safe water, sanitation, healthcare and shelter.
  • Impact of racial/religious/sexual orientation/gender identity discrimination on health status
    Separation of history, location, culture or language as well as racism and discrimination may lead to exclusion from society, healthcare services, education, political affairs, employment and housing. Displacement to within or outside of one's country leads to poverty and inability to access resources. Increased risk of CVD, violence and injury, mental illness and low birth weight. Individuals may be arrested or killed for their religious views or sexual orientation.
  • Marketing and distribution of tobacco/alcohol
    Smoking rates and alcohol consumption in high-income countries have reduced due to increased education and regulations, and tobacco and alcohol companies have therefore moved to targeting low- and middle- income countries in order to compensate for this lost revenue. These low- and middle- income countries also exhibit looser regulations regarding pricing, age restrictions, advertisements and contents of alcohol and tobacco, and feature a higher rate of population growth, presenting a larger audience for product sales. Low- and middle- income countries may also lack the healthcare services to treat tobacco- and alcohol- related diseases, and individuals may spend money on tobacco and alcohol which may otherwise be used to obtain essential resources such as nutritious food, shelter, education and healthcare necessary for a decent standard of living.
  • Marketing and distribution of processed foods
    Increases in urbanisation and affordability have resulted in abandonment of traditional low-fat diets in exchange for diets high in processed foods such as chips and biscuits, often high in saturated fat, salt and sugar. This contributes to a double-burden of disease of wealth- and poverty- related communicable and non-communicable diseases in many low- and middle- income countries.
  • Sustainability
    Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
  • Economic sustainability
    Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and costs of living into the future. This involves regulation of diversity and innovation, employment, trade and economic growth.
  • Economic sustainability: diversity and innovation
    Reliance on a diverse range of industries including agriculture, production, education and health reduces the risk of economic catastrophe due to periods of negative productivity in a singular industry. Industries such as agriculture are particularly vulnerable to economic or environmental disruptions and may therefore inhibit the economic sustainability of countries if they are solely reliant upon agricultural industries.
  • Economic sustainability: economic growth
    Growth of gross national income in line with inflation and living costs may promote equitable distribution of wealth and adequate tax revenue, without relying on non-renewable resources such as coal to substantiate economic developments.
  • Economic sustainability: employment
    Developing new employment opportunities in line with population growth and technological developments ensures that all people of working age are able to gain meaningful employment and to earn an adequate income.
  • Economic sustainability: trade
    Low-income countries often lack to means to transform raw materials into usable products, meaning that they are often paid less than what their products are worth. This reduces a countries ability to generate income despite the prolificacy of these industries. Fair trade may therefore increase opportunity for and economic yield of international trade, promoting equitable distribution of wealth globally.
  • Social sustainability
    Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely. Social sustainability focuses on health and wellbeing and ensures that all people have their human rights upheld, can participate in the society in which they live and the decisions that affect their lives, and experience equal access to resources such as food, shelter, This is achieved through elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection, gender equality, access safe and decent working conditions, promotion of political and legal rights and peace and stability.
  • Social sustainability: elimination of poverty and provision of social protection measures
    Social protection measures provide additional financial support to those unable to earn an income due to unemployment or illness. Social protection systems aid individuals in obtaining a decent standard of living in order to reduce the cycle of poverty.
  • Social sustainability: gender equality
    Gender equality enables women to experience the same opportunity for education, employment, healthcare, leadership, decision-making and civic engagement as men, and reduces the risk of violence and discrimination against women.
  • Social sustainability: access to safe and decent working conditions
    Individuals may be subjected to working conditions which are exploitative, hazardous or illegal in jobs such as prostitution and human trafficking which result in a loss of dignity or a violation of human trafficking. Ensuring that all people, including young people, women and those with disabilities have access to meaningful employment may promote income, sense of belonging and reduce stress and anxiety.
  • Social sustainability: promotion of political and legal rights
    Vulnerable groups such as women, Indigenous populations and ethnic minorities may be politically underrepresented, meaning that the government is less likely to develop policies which promote the health and wellbeing of these population groups. Ensuring that all people experience the right to vote, own land, drive a car and take out a loan promotes political participation, civic engagement, reduces discrimination and social exclusion as well as the risk of displacement.
  • Social sustainability: peace and stability
    Peace and stability protects society, its infrastructure and people from physical danger, and increases funds available for supporting public resources such as education and healthcare.
  • Environmental sustainability
    Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future. This involves using natural resources only at a rate that allows them to be replenished for future generations through regulation of biodiversity, use of natural resources, waste removal and pollution and climate change.
  • Environmental sustainability: biodiversity
    Biodiversity refers to the variety of different plants, animals and microorganisms that are present within an ecosystem, as well as the balance between the living and non-living components of an environment. Biodiversity is important in ensuring the production of oxygen, the availability of natural resources as well as clean water and nutritious soil to foster plant growth.
  • Environmental sustainability: use of natural resources
    Renewable resources are resources that can be replenished naturally over a relatively short period of time. Both renewable and non-renewable resources should be used only at a rate at which they can be renewed in order to prevent resource shortage and ensure the availability of natural resources for infrastructure, medicine, clothing, employment, food, water, air and soil into the future.
  • Environmental sustainability: waste removal and pollution
    Industrial, agricultural and human wastes can contaminate ecosystems and degrade water and air quality. Humans must therefore control waste production and treat products appropriately in order to minimise environmental impact. This ensures access to clean water and provides nutrient-rich soil, promoting food security and health and wellbeing.
  • Environmental sustainability: climate change
    Rising temperatures and sea levels may impact weather patterns in relation to rainfall, wind and extreme temperatures. Minimising impact and progress of climate change may reduce severity and frequency of natural disasters, ensure predictability of rainfall, protect town and water supplies in low-lying areas from becoming submerged, prevent spread of disease through migrating vectors such as mosquitos, and maintain a stable ecosystem, all of which promotes health and wellbeing.
  • Human development
    Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices to enhance capabilities (the range of things people can be and do) having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and the decisions affecting their lives.
  • Human development index
    A tool developed by the un which seeks to measure and rank countries levels of social and economic development. It is based on 3 dimensions; access to knowledge, a decent standard of living and a long and healthy life, and is measured using 4 indicators; mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth and gross national income per capita. A 0 to 1, 1 is higher level of development.
  • Advantages of the human development index
    Useful in comparing the overall human development experienced in each country and in raising global awareness of the importance of human development; is based on broader dimensions than just economic factors; demonstrates improvements to any or all aspects of human development over time.
  • Limitations of the human development index
    Based on averages and does not take into account disparities or inequities, No survey data are collected in the HDI, so people’s feelings about their lives and issues, No dimesion data on freedom, safety, choice.
  • Global trends
    Patterns of social, economic and environmental activity that will have an effect at some stage in the future and require action to be taken on a global scale.
  • Climate change
    Levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide have increased over the industrial age due to due burning of fossil fuels for energy production. These greenhouse gases trap the sun's heat energy and increase global temperatures, leading to melting of ice, ocean expansion, changing weather patterns and more extreme weather events. Climate change impairs water and air quality and access to food and shelter, and is predicted to kill 200 000 people per year due to heat stress, malaria, malnutrition and diarrhoea.
  • Rising sea levels
    Displacement of low-lying areas, salination of aquifers and water sources, acidification of oceans and reduction in agricultural capabilities as well as impairments to biodiversity may lead to stress and anxiety, reduced access to resources such as food, safe water, shelter and employment.
  • Weather patterns and events
    Increased humidity as a breeding ground for disease vectors, extreme temperatures, agricultural impairment and contamination of water due to flooding or drought may lead to increased rates of communicable disease, illnesses such as heat stroke, food insecurity and decay in productivity.
  • Conflict
    Increasing levels of conflict and terrorism have lead to displacement, violation of humanitarian law, deliberate bombings of healthcare facilities, siege and starvation. This may increase levels of stress and anxiety, risk of physical injury or assault, illness or death, lack of access to essential resources such as shelter, healthcare, food, safe water and sanitation, as well as difficulty returning to normal life in the future free from poverty.
  • Mass migration
    Conflict may mean that people must migrate to seek refuge in another country or may be internally displaced due to persecution, violence, conflict or human rights violation.This can lead to overcrowding of urban centres, poverty and lack of access to resources, increased demands on economy, infrastructure, security and society in already low- and middle- income countries, low education attainment, spread of communicable disease and low meaningful employment opportunity.
  • World trade
    Allows for sharing of resources, skills, technology and ideas, promotes competition and innovation of industries, and increases job opportunity, particularly for women in areas such as clothing. Multinational companies may however exploit deregulation of working conditions and pay in some lower-income countries, or use harmful pesticides at the expense of the environment.
  • Digital technology
    Increased availability and affordability of mobile technology has increased usage globally, even in the most rural and remote areas. Provides a source of social connectedness, monitoring of population statistics such as males, females, children and pregnancies, as well as level of healthcare and events such as birth death and marriage, in order to allow the government to meet population needs in regards to education, human rights and legal protection. Provides SMS notifications regarding natural disasters, online health information for improved health literacy and collaborative healthcare, eHealth for cohesive and effective treatment, and online communities (e.g PNET) which allow for comparison, sharing and communication of information. The internet and social media can inhibit safety, particularly in countries with reduced regulation, leading to bullying, harassment, embarrassment or threatening.