Geodesy

Sea level is generally used to refer to mean sea level (MSL), an average level for the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured.

A circle of latitude on the Earth is an imaginary east–west circle connecting all locations (ignoring elevation) with a given latitude.

In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods.

A triangulation station, also known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig, is a fixed surveying station, used in geodetic surveying and other surveying projects in its vicinity.

The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravity and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

Commonly, a map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.

In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body.

Topography is the study of the shape and features of the surface of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.

Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points.

The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km, which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian.

PAGEOS (PAssive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) was a balloon satellite which was launched by NASA in June 1966.

A gravity anomaly is the difference between the observed acceleration of a planet's reaction to gravity and a value predicted from a model.

A geodetic datum or geodetic system is a coordinate system, and a set of reference points, used to locate places on the Earth (or similar objects).

Longitude (/ˈlɒndʒᵻtjuːd/ or /ˈlɒndʒᵻtuːd/, British also /ˈlɒŋɡᵻtjuːd/), is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.

A map is a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, and themes.

The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), a joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center, has been making detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies since its launch in March 2002.

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (global navigation satellite systems, GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou.

A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°.

The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service, is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups.

An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.

An indoor positioning system (IPS) is a system to locate objects or people inside a building using radio waves, magnetic fields, acoustic signals, or other sensory information collected by mobile devices.

Regional Reference Frame Sub-Commission for Europe (EUREF) is the sub-commission of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), part of the Sub-Commission 1.

GEOS-3, or Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite 3, or GEOS-C, was the third and final satellite as part of NASA's Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite/Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite program (NGSP) to better understand and test satellite tracking systems.

3D data acquisition and reconstruction is the generation of three-dimensional or spatiotemporal models from sensor data.

In physics, a frame of reference (or reference frame) consists of an abstract coordinate system and the set of physical reference points that uniquely fix (locate and orient) the coordinate system and standardize measurements.

Engels Maps is a map company in the Ohio Valley with particular concentration on the Cincinnati-Dayton Region.

A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning.

Department of Geodesy Gdansk University of Technology – continues the tradition of the Department of Surveying and Cartography, established at Gdansk University of Technology in 1945 (formal appointment of the new Department: October 1, 1945, and the formal appointment of the head of the Department: September 1, 1946).

Clairaut's theorem is a general mathematical law applying to spheroids of revolution.

Clairaut's relation, named after Alexis Claude de Clairaut, is a formula in classical differential geometry.

The Helmert–Wolf blocking (HWB) is a least squares solution method for a sparse canonical block-angular (CBA) system of linear equations.

The Meades Ranch Triangulation Station is a survey marker in Osborne County in the state of Kansas in the Midwestern United States.

The Hermannskogel (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛʁmansˌkoːɡl̩] ) is a hill in Döbling, the 19th district of Vienna.

Mimee is a program which can convert geographical coordinates between various datums and formats.

In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.