Genomics Module 1: Slide Deck 2

How many pairs of chromosomes do somatic cells contain?

Each chromosome differs in size, therefore DNA BP length differs. T/F?

a very long, continuous piece of DNA, which contains genes, regulatory elements and other intervening sequences. Bundled with histones.

short arm

Long arm

of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line.

Mitochondrial DNA is doubled-stranded and what shape?

presence of a mixture of more than one type of a mixture of more than one type of an organelle genome (mtDNA) within a cell. Since most eukaryotic cells contain many hundreds of mitochondria, it is very frequent for mutations to only affect some of the copies, while the remaining ones are unaffected.

Nomenclature:

m= mitochondrial genome

3243= location on mit genome

-adenine replaced with Guanine

A DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the genome sequence is altered and the particular alteration is present in at least 1% of the population

Which drugs are used to treat MELAS?

How do these drugs alleviate the symptoms of MELAS?

a) minimize the demands on the mitochondrion

b) supporting and maximizing mitochondrion function

c) reduce ATP production

D) Both A & B

-passed from generation to generation

-constitute genome/chromosomes/genes

-contain instructions for making proteins

-located in cell nucleus

-function in the synthesis of proteins coded by DNA

-mRNA transcribed in nucleus-exits to ribosome

-make up genome of many viruses

carries protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm (watery interior), where the protein-making machinery reads the sequence and translates each three-base codon into its corresponding amino acid in a growing protein chain.

serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein. Each time an amino acid is added to the chain, this RNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the protein being synthesized.

the RNA component of ribosomes, the molecular machines that catalyze protein synthesis.

What are the building blocks of DNA?

What are the nitrogenous bases associated with DNA

What are your purines?

What are your pyrimidines?

Nucleotides are linked by __ bonds

temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the double-helical state and half are in the "strand-separated" states.

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.

DNA in prokaryotes is ___ stranded

a double helix (as of DNA) that has undergone additional twisting in the same direction as or in the opposite direction from the turns in the original helix.

Supercoiling can occur when ccDNA is subject to__

enzyme that helps to relieve torsional strain created by DNA replication ( works in front of replication fork)

-binds to topoisomerase and results in breaks in DNA and subsequent induction of apoptosis.

-cause apoptosis of cancer cells by a complex network of events which include but not limited to:

-intercalation into DNA

- Generation of reactive oxygen species- Iron catalyzed

a critical epigenetic modification that changes chromatin architecture and regulates gene expression by opening or closing the chromatin structure

remove acetyl groups from chromatin, leading to gene repression through condensation of chromatin.

block the erasing of acetyl groups which causes an accumulation of acetylated histones and induces apoptosis of cancer cells

HDAC inhibitors contain the ___ in their name

replication beings at many replication points or origins

replication begins at a single replication origin

each fragment of a lagging stranding

catalyze dsDNA separation at origin-replication fork

stabilize ssDNA that has been separated

catalyzes addition of short RNA primers which serve as the template strand and allow for DNA replication to take place

catalyzes addition of new nucleotides to form new strands

catalyzes removal of RNA primer and inserts the correct bases

catalyzes the joining of Okazaki fragments and seals sugar-phosphate backbone