2024-08-20T17:08:04+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Locus, Gregor Mendel, Law of dominance, Law of segregation, Law of independent assortment, Dominant, Recessive, Purebred, Monohybrid cross, Hybrid, Self Pollinating, Alleles, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Heterozygous dominant, Homozygous dominant, Homozygous recessive, Homologous pair, Genotype, Phenotype, Autosomal inheritance, Crossing plants, Gene pool, Filial generation, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Color blindness, Hemophilia, Mutation, Somatic mutation, Germline mutation, Autosomal disorders, Sickle cell anemia, Cystic fibrosis, Albinism, Pedigrees diagram, Genetic counseling, Genetic screening, Polygenic traits, Recombinant DNA, Ligase, Restriction enzyme, Transgenic, Genetic engineering, Biotechnology, Gene therapy, Insulin production, Antigen, CRISPR CAS 9, Hybrid vigor, Cloned flashcards

GENETICS

gr12 genetics

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  • Locus
    the position of a gene of gene on a chromosome
  • Gregor Mendel
    father of genetics
  • Law of dominance
    dominant factor masks one recessive one
  • Law of segregation
    during the formation of gametes the paired factors segregate and each gamete receives one of the factors
  • Law of independent assortment
    factors which control different characteristics such as height and color segregate randomly and independently of each other during gamete formation
  • Dominant
    gene which overrides other gene
  • Recessive
    gene which gets overridden
  • Purebred
    when a plant pollinates itself the succeeding generation look like the parent plant
  • Monohybrid cross
    cross between two organisms with different variations of one genetic locus
  • Hybrid
    new types of plants formed by cross fertilizing different varieties of the same species
  • Self Pollinating
    pollen from a plant lands on the stigma of the same plant fertilizing itself
  • Alleles
    genes occupying the same position on homologous chromosomes
  • Homozygous
    homologous chromosomes have different alleles for the same gene
  • Heterozygous
    if two alleles are different
  • Heterozygous dominant
    carrier of recessive gene
  • Homozygous dominant
    contains an identical dominant allele
  • Homozygous recessive
    contains an identical recessive allele
  • Homologous pair
    contain the same sequence of genes for the same traits but versions of genes may vairy (alleles)
  • Genotype
    refers to the genetic makeup
  • Phenotype
    refers to the observable features
  • Autosomal inheritance
    traits not located on the sex chromosomes
  • Crossing plants
    Spreading pollen from stamens with selected trait to stigma with opposite trait
  • Gene pool
    the set of all genes in a population
  • Filial generation
    a generation in a breeding experiment that is successive to a mating between parents of two distinctively different but usually relatively pure genotypes.
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    when the gene on the x chromosome fails to make dystrophin (lack muscle strength & swayback)
  • Color blindness
    absence of pigment in the retinal cones (male -> daughter | (mother -> to son | daughter))
  • Hemophilia
    condition in which blood takes longer to clot
  • Mutation
    a change in DNA structure forming a new allele of a gene (Chromosomal | point)
  • Somatic mutation
    occur in the somatic cells may damage kill or convert to tumor
  • Germline mutation
    occur in the eggs or sperm passed onto offspring
  • Autosomal disorders
    disorders in the non-sex chromosomes (1 - 22)
  • Sickle cell anemia
    Adenine is replaced by thymine forming a mutated hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) abnormal shaped red blood cell cannot transport oxygen correctly (they have resistance to malaria)
  • Cystic fibrosis
    unable to produce a protein in their lungs causing salt and water to collect forming mucous (leads to infection)
  • Albinism
    inherited disease causing lower rate of melanin production
  • Pedigrees diagram
    family tree
  • Genetic counseling
    determine the likelihood that offspring will have genetic diseases
  • Genetic screening
    testing of blood cells or other cells using genetic fingerprinting to check for defective allele
  • Polygenic traits
    traits controlled by two or more genes at different loci on different chromosomes
  • Recombinant DNA
    DNA taken from two organisms
  • Ligase
    acts as glue on DNA
  • Restriction enzyme
    splits a DNA molecule
  • Transgenic
    DNA combining two different species
  • Genetic engineering
    the manipulation of genes
  • Biotechnology
    the use of plants animals and microbes to produce useful products
  • Gene therapy
    a medical approach which treats or prevents disease by correcting the under lying genetic problem
  • Insulin production
    bacteria ground and plasmids extracted; restriction enzymes break open plasmids; DNA ligase used to attach human gene for insulin; recombinant DNA added back to E.coli cells
  • Antigen
    protein molecules one the outside of cells which act as marker
  • CRISPR CAS 9
    a gene editing tool
  • Hybrid vigor
    the increased function of a biological quality in a hybrid offspring
  • Cloned
    every cell in a plant can grow into a new plant