2024-11-18T23:52:11+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true • Afferent Arteriole, • Efferent Arteriole, • Bowman’s Capsule, • Glomerulus, • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), • Nephron, • Loop of Henle, • Proximal Convoluted Tubule, • Distal Convoluted Tubule, • Collecting Duct, • Vasa Recta, • Renal Corpuscle, • Renal Cortex, • Renal Medulla, • Renal Pelvis, • Renal Artery/Vein, • Urine, • Bladder, • Ureter, • Urethra, • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), • Vasopressin (ADH), • Mouth, • Salivary Glands, • Amylase, • Esophagus, • Epiglottis, • Stomach, • Chyme, • Small Intestine, • Duodenum, • Jejunum, • Ileum, • Colon (Large Intestine), • Rectum, • Defecation Reflex, • Liver, • Gallbladder, • Bile Salts, • Pancreas, • Gastric Glands, • Parietal Cells, • Chief Cells, • Protease, • Lipase, • Lacteal, • Enterocyte, • Rugae, • Mucus, • Sphincters, • Autoregulation, • Excretion, • Secretion, • Filtration, • Reabsorption, • Portal Systems, o Motility, o Digestion, o Secretion, o Absorption, o Path of blood, o Path of filtrate, o Countercurrent Exchange, o Aldosterone, o Vasopressin (ADH) flashcards

Fuel and Waste- Unit 4

Excretory Systems

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  • • Afferent Arteriole
    Vessel carrying blood to the glomerulus.
  • • Efferent Arteriole
    Vessel carrying blood away from the glomerulus.
  • • Bowman’s Capsule
    Structure surrounding the glomerulus where filtration begins.
  • • Glomerulus
    Capillary network where blood is filtered.
  • • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
    Rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys.
  • • Nephron
    Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and excretion.
  • • Loop of Henle
    U-shaped portion of the nephron that establishes a concentration gradient for water reabsorption.
  • • Proximal Convoluted Tubule
    First section of the nephron, involved in reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients.
  • • Distal Convoluted Tubule
    Last nephron segment before collecting duct; involved in selective reabsorption and secretion.
  • • Collecting Duct
    Tubule where final adjustments to urine composition are made.
  • • Vasa Recta
    Capillaries parallel to the Loop of Henle that maintain osmotic gradient.
  • • Renal Corpuscle
    Combination of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
  • • Renal Cortex
    Outer portion of the kidney containing nephrons.
  • • Renal Medulla
    Inner kidney region where loops of Henle are located.
  • • Renal Pelvis
    Central collecting area for urine before it exits the kidney.
  • • Renal Artery/Vein
    Blood vessels delivering and removing blood from the kidney.
  • • Urine
    Waste product of the kidneys excreted via the urinary tract.
  • • Bladder
    Organ for urine storage.
  • • Ureter
    Tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder.
  • • Urethra
    Tube through which urine exits the body.
  • • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
    Infection in any part of the urinary system.
  • • Vasopressin (ADH)
    Hormone regulating water reabsorption in the kidney.
  • • Mouth
    Site of ingestion and beginning of digestion.
  • • Salivary Glands
    Exocrine glands producing saliva to begin digestion.
  • • Amylase
    Enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates.
  • • Esophagus
    Tube carrying food from mouth to stomach.
  • • Epiglottis
    Flap preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
  • • Stomach
    Organ for mechanical digestion and initial protein digestion via enzymes and acid.
  • • Chyme
    Partially digested food leaving the stomach.
  • • Small Intestine
    Primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • • Duodenum
    First section where most chemical digestion occurs.
  • • Jejunum
    Middle section specializing in nutrient absorption.
  • • Ileum
    Final section absorbing bile salts and vitamins.
  • • Colon (Large Intestine)
    Absorbs water and forms feces.
  • • Rectum
    Final segment for fecal storage before defecation.
  • • Defecation Reflex
    Neural reflex controlling bowel movements.
  • • Liver
    Produces bile, detoxifies substances, and processes nutrients.
  • • Gallbladder
    Stores and concentrates bile for fat digestion.
  • • Bile Salts
    Components of bile aiding in fat emulsification.
  • • Pancreas
    Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum.
  • • Gastric Glands
    Stomach glands secreting acid and enzymes.
  • • Parietal Cells
    Stomach cells secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl).
  • • Chief Cells
    Stomach cells secreting pepsinogen, which becomes pepsin to digest proteins.
  • • Protease
    General term for enzymes breaking down proteins.
  • • Lipase
    Enzyme breaking down fats.
  • • Lacteal
    Lymphatic capillaries in villi that absorb dietary fats.
  • • Enterocyte
    Absorptive cells lining the small intestine.
  • • Rugae
    Folds in the stomach allowing expansion.
  • • Mucus
    Secretion protecting and lubricating the GI tract.
  • • Sphincters
    Muscle rings controlling passage of food or waste between sections of the GI tract.
  • • Autoregulation
    Ability of organs (e.g., kidney) to maintain constant function despite changes in blood pressure.
  • • Excretion
    Removal of waste products from the body.
  • • Secretion
    Active transport of substances into tubules or GI tract.
  • • Filtration
    Passive movement of substances from blood into the nephron.
  • • Reabsorption
    Return of filtered substances from the nephron to the blood.
  • • Portal Systems
    Venous systems connecting capillary beds, such as the hepatic portal system.
  • o Motility
    Peristalsis (wave-like contractions) and segmentation (mixing movements).
  • o Digestion
    Breakdown of food (mechanical vs. chemical).
  • o Secretion
    Release of digestive enzymes and fluids.
  • o Absorption
    Uptake of nutrients into the bloodstream or lymph.
  • o Path of blood
    Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Renal vein.
  • o Path of filtrate
    Bowman’s capsule → Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal tubule → Collecting duct → Renal pelvis → Ureter.
  • o Countercurrent Exchange
    Mechanism in the Loop of Henle and vasa recta to concentrate urine.
  • o Aldosterone
    Stimulates sodium reabsorption, increasing water retention.
  • o Vasopressin (ADH)
    Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.