Ethan-
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
-> Ocean phase
Chinook salmon
- Black gums and mouth
- med-> small black round spots on both lobs of the caudal fin
-
Oncorhynchus Keta
->Ocean phase
Chum salmon
- Large teeth
- short gill rakers
- silver streaks on caudal fin
- Narrow caudal peduncle
- No spots on tail
-
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
-> Ocean phase
Pink salmon
- Large oval spots both lobs of caudal fin
- Small scales
-
Oncorhynchus nerka
-> Ocean phase
Sockeye salmon
- No spots on back or caudal fin
- "Toothless"
- No silver streaks on the caudal fin
- Long gill rakers
-
Paired parietal bone
Salmoninae
- Separated by supra-occipital
Corgoninae AND Thymallinae
- Fused (Joined)
-
Orbitosphoid Bone
Present IN
- Salmoninae
- Coregoninae
Absent IN
- Thymallinae
-
Supra preopercle Bone
(SP)
Present IN
- Salmoninae
Absent IN
- Coregoninae
- Thymallinae
-
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
-> Secondary sexual characteristics
Chinook Salmon
- Spots on back
- Black gums and mouth
Solid color
- Bronze
- Brown
- Magenta
-
Oncorhynchus nerka
-> Secondary sexual characteristics
Sockeye
- Green head
- Red Body
- Hump
- Males have a kype
-
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
-> Secondary sexual characteristics
Pink salmon
- Large Hump
- spots on caudal fin
- grey/brown
- kype
-
Oncorhynchus keta
-> Secondary sexual characteristics
Chum salmon
- Large teeth
- Male
- Vertical camo pattern
- Females
- Horizontal camo pattern
-
Oncorhynchus kisutch
-> Ocean phase
Coho salmon
- Spots only on upper lobe of caudal fin
- light colored mouth
- Silver streaks in tail
-
Oncorhynchus kisutch
-> Secondary sexual characteristics
Coho salmon
- Lacks hump
- Large kype
- Hook nose salmon
- Dark red body
- Black head (In males)
- white lips and mouth
-
Salvelinus namaycush
Lake Char/trout
- Light spots on dark body
- Forked caudal tail
- Irregular white markings
- Vermiculations
- maxilla extends past eye
-
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook Char/trout
- Light spots on dark body
- maxilla extends past eye
- red spots with blue halo
- Vermiculations on back and dorsal fin
- White leading edge on pelvic and anal fins
-
Salvelinus alpinus
Arctic char
- large pink-violet and white spots on backs and sides
- NO blue halo
- caudal fin not deeply forked
- NOT IN BC
-
Salvelinus malma
Dolly Varden
- Lacks dark spots on the dorsal fin
- Round white marking on the body
- pinkish spots
- NO BLUE HALO
- maxilla does not usually extend past eye
- Smaller more dense spots than Bull
-
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout
- Lacks dark markings on dorsal fin
- round white markings on body similar sized
- Pinkish spots
- NO blue halo
- Flattened head with large mouth
- White leading edge on pelvic fin
- Larger less dense spots then Dolly
-
Salmo trutta
Brown trout
- dark spots on light body
- black and some red spots with pale halos
- Red spots only on lower flank
- caudal fin not forked
-
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon
- Black spots on operculum
- No spots on caudal fin
- No halos
- Dark spots light background
-
Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii
Coastal cutthroat trout
- Dark spots on light body
- spots on back, flank, dorsal and caudal fins
- Red slash on hyroid arch
- Maxilla extends past eye
- basibranchial teeth
-
Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisii
Westslope cutthroat trout
- Dark spots on light body
- spots on back, flank, dorsal and caudal fins
- Spots concentrated on back half of body
- often absent in lower half of front half of body
- Red slash on hyroid arch
- Maxilla extends past eye
- basibranchial teeth
-
Primitive vs derived fish
"primitive" fish are more similar to the shared common ancestor."derived" fish differ more from the shared common ancestor.
-
What is fecundity
Number of eggs
-
Anadromy
fish spawn in freshwater and feed in saltwater.
-
Catadromy
fish spawn in saltwater and feed in freshwater.
-
What do salt water fishes have to do for Osmoregulation
Drink water constantly
-
What do freshwater fishes have to do for Osmoregulation
pee constantly
-
Which of the bc big 5:
Some remain in coastal waters. Some go Southward. Move slowly home. Northern populations head further into open ocean.
Chinook
Coho
-
Which of the bc big 5:
Rapid movement (~60km per day
Chum
Pink
sockeye
-
Diadromy
Fish that migrate between fresh and saltwater
-
Smoltification
Process in which parr prepare for the ocean phase of the lifecycle
kidney and gills reverse function
-
what is a parr
juvenile salmon with prominent parr marks (Stage before smolt)
-
what is a Jack
a male pacific salmon that matures early (1 year or less in the ocean
Sneaky spawners
-
where and what is the auxiliary process
small triangular stiff skin flap at the origin of the pelvic fin
-
how many anal fins do the BC big 5 have
>12
-
How many anal fins rays do trouts or chars have
<12
-
what is the advantage of having larger eggs
larger offspring
Higher survival rates
-
What time of day do smolts travel
At night
-
Iteroparous
Can spawn multiple times
-
Semelparous
ONE AND DONE
-
What are 3 ways that the BC big 5 do not compete
While in the ocean:
- stay at differnet depths during their ocean phase
- Have different diets
While spawning
- Spawn at different times
- Have specific flow and depth preferences
-
what is the pinball hypothesis
Fish swim towards the shoreline but if when they reach a river they do not smell their natal streams sent the return to the ocean and zig zag up or down the coast till they find the right scent
-
What are 3 spawning risks for the eggs
1. Predation
2. dehydration
3. dislodgement
-
what is the main hypothesis for natal river homing
Olfactory imprinting (sent)
-
why can straying be positive
straying can reintroduce salmonids to streams they have previously gone extinct or where not present
-
what is the difference between Stream type and Ocean type chinook salmon
stream type stay in natal rivers for longer as parr but migrate further as adults
Ocean type go out to the ocean sooner but do not migrate as far
-
What is the only BC big 5 to spawn in lakes
Sockeye
-
rank BC Big 5 in order to return to fresh water
1. Sockeye
2. Chinook
3. Pink
4. Chum
5. Coho
-
How does temperature affect sockeye spawning
Hotter years = fish return later
Colder years = fish return earlier
-
Rank the BC big 5 from largest to smallest egg size
1. Chum
2. Pink
3. Chinook
4. Coho
5. Sockeye
-
Within a BC big 5 population during spawning what fish will survive the longest
The earlier arriving fish typically survive the longest
-
What are the 3 runs of Fraser Sockeye called
1. Early stuart
2. Early summer
3. Summer
4. Late
-
What is the only species of Salvelinus native to Van Isl
Salvelinus malma
Dolly Varden
-
What type of salmon have Jills
Sockeye
- Female Jackes
-
Why do Pink salmon not have jacks
Because they only spend 1 year in the ocean
- jacks are defined as males that spend ~ a year in the ocean
-
What freshwater system type do each of the BC big 5 like to spawn in
Chinook
- Large rivers or main chanels
Coho
- prefer smaller rivers and side channels
(All accessible reaches)
Sockeye
- Large lakes or rivers or steams which connect to a lake
Chum
- further upstream then Pink but close to the intertidal area
Pink
- Close to intertidal area
-
what is a precocious parr called
A parr that have sexually matured without going to the ocean
Sneaky spawners
-
what is the fredle index
standard for evaluating spawning gravel
Higher is better
-
what is the difference in male vs female fighting
Males mainly threats
females straight to fighting (can lead to the death) usually over redd location
-
Why does size matter?
Females want a larger male for
- better genes
- more sperm
- more eggs fertilized
-
what is the mound downstream of the redd called
Tail spill
-
what is the leading factor in female v female fights
Redd defense
-
what are some salmon river migrations barriers
High/low water flow
High water temp
Drought
Storms
Dams + blockages
-
nest v redd
a redd is a series of redds dug by a individual female
-
what isotopes are used commonly to detect MDN
Carbon 13 and Nitrogen 15
-
what species was most impacted by the Hells gate land slide
Sockeye salmon
Oncorhynchus Nerka
-
what is a mini jack
a jack that smoltified down to the estuary then returned to spawn
-
what is tailspin
tail spin happens when the females flick their tails to clear out the silt and to dig a nest/redd
