first test weeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeow

-it is your skin

-contains the epidermis attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis).

-always exposed to the air and therefore considered a dry membrane.

-moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

-They have a visceral (inner) layer and a parietal (outer) layer separated by serous fluid.

-body lining that contains two or more tissue types

-an epithelium attached to a connective tissue proper

-line all of the body cavities that open to the outside of the body the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

-adapted for absorption and secretion except the urogenital tracts

-produce large amounts of mucus.

-originates from embryonic Mesenchyme that can turn into blood, bone, connective tissue proper, or cartilage

-lose their ducts during development

-produce hormones that are secreted through exocytosis into extracellular space

-hormones enter the blood or lymphatic fluid and are then able to travel to the body’s organs.

-secrete their products onto body surfaces like the skin or into body cavities

-retain connecting cells which forms ducts able to transport secretions to the epithelial surface.

inflammation

organization

regeneration or fibrosis

inflammation

-trauma to tissues releases inflammatory chemicals.

-chemicals make blood vessels leaky allowing white blood cells, fluid clotting proteins, and other plasma proteins to enter the injured area

-clotting seals off the injured area to prevent the spread of bacteria and toxins to the area

-clot exposed to air, dries and ultimately forms a scab

-organization

-clot is replaced by ingrowth of fragile capillaries from granulation tissue (delicate capillary tissue)

-this restores the vascular supply

-Fibroblasts mitosis and produce growth factors as well as collagen fibers to bridge the gap

-healing completes

-the fibroblasts revert back into fibrocytes or undergo apoptosis (cell death)

-Macrophages phagocytize dead cells and other debris

-surface epithelial cells multiply and begin to migrate over the granulation tissue. 

-regeneration or fibrosis

-fibrosed area contracts pulling the margins of the wound together

-regenerates

-epithelium thickens under the scab which causes the scab to detach

-fully regenerated epithelium

-underlying connective tissue replaced with dense scar tissue

-A scar may be visible as a white line depending on the severity of the wound.

-Epithelial tissues

-bone

-areolar connective tissue

-dense irregular connective tissue

-blood-forming tissue

-Smooth muscle

-dense regular connective tissue

-skeletal muscle

-cartilage

-cardiac muscle

-nervous tissue

-polarity

-avascular but innervated

-specialized contacts

-supported by connective tissue

-regeneration in high capacity

-semipermeable layer of phospholipids

-heads are hydrophilic

-tails are hydrophobic

-fluid environment dictates the direction they face

active transport processes require energy input directly from the cell

-transport against the concentration gradient

-via carrier proteins

-requires ATP

cytoskeleton organelle

-support the cell and give it shape

-involved in intracellular and extracellular movements

cytoskeleton organelle

-involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement

cytoskeleton organelle

-stable elements that compose the cytoskeleton and resist against mechanical forces

cellular extensions that increase the surface area for absorption

cellular extensions that propel substances across the surface of the cell in coordinated unidirectional movement

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

-epithelial cells

-outermost protective shield

-only vascularized portion of the skin

-makes up the bulk of the skin

-mostly dense connective tissue

-not part of the skin

-under the dermis

-protective functions

-mostly adipose and some areolar tissue

-stratum basale

-attached to the underlying dermis

-contains a single row of stem cells

-highly mitotic

-one daughter cell pushed up to begin specialization into becoming keratinocyte

-Stratum Spinosum

-several cell layers thick.

-spinelike extensions of its keratinocytes, artifacts created during tissue preparation due to the cell shrinking while holding tight at their many desmosomes. 

-contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments which consist of tension-resisting protein or pre-keratin

-This layer also contains the most amount of dendritic cells.

-anchoring junctions

-comprised of intracellular plaque and extracellular linker proteins

-linker proteins bind adjacent cells like velcro

-allow cells to withstand tension

-found in skin and heart

-integral proteins in the plasma membrane

-impermeable junctions

-attach adjacent cells

-prevent most molecules from passing between cells

-keeps digestive enzymes inside intestines

-communicating junctions

-filled with water

-connected by hollow protein cylinders called connexons

-serve as channels for transport

-found in electrically excitable tissues where ion passages allow coordination of electrical activity & contraction

-heart and smooth muscle

-Stratum Granulosum

-thin and only consists of 1 to 5 cell layers where the process of keratinization begins

-cells flatten with their nuclei and organelles disintegrating and accumulate two types of granules. 

-Keratohyalin granules help form keratin in the upper layers.

-Lamellar granules contain water-resistant glycolipids that is secreted into extracellular space, combined with tight junctions aid in slowing water loss from the epidermis.

-Stratum Corneum

-outermost epidermal layer 20 to 30 cells thick and accounts for up to three-quarters of the epidermal thickness

-The cells in this layer are dead and keratinized

-glycolipids in extracellular space that keep this layer nearly waterproof.

-found only in the thick skin of the epidermis

-visible through a light microscope as a thin translucent band

-Its cells are identical to those at the bottom of the stratum corneum

-Most of the cells in the epidermis

-role is to produce keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

-arise from the Stratum Basale

-undergo an almost continuous mitosis that propels the newer cells upwards while also making the keratin that fills them

-when the cells approach the surface they are dead, scale-like flat sacs completely filled with keratin.

-spider-shaped epithelial cells that are found in the Stratum Basale

-synthesize the pigment melanin

-Langerhans cells

-arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

-They ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system. -slender processes extend around the keratinocytes forming a continuous network.

-merkel cells

-present at the epidermal-dermal junction

-shaped like a spiky hemisphere

-associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending

-The combination functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

eccrine

apocrine

ceruminous

mammary

-abundant on palm, soles, forehead

-exocrine gland that secretes sweat

-begin function at puberty due to androgens

-thought to play a role in pheromones

-found in axillary area (armpit)

-found in lining of external ear canal

-secretion mixes with sebum to produce wax

-oil glands found all over the body

-produces sebum

-sebum softens and lubricates hair and skin, and is bactericidal

-smooth muscle cells

-forces sebum out of hair follicles

-responsible for goosebumps over fear or cold

-scale-like modifications of the epidermis

-contains hard keratin

-rich capillary beds underneath

Protection

Body temperature regulation.

Cutaneous sensation

Metabolic functions

Blood reservoir

Excretion

a type of dendritic cells

what a structure can do depends on its form, structure and form are inseparable

"state of change" including all of the chemical reactions within cells

using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP

Maintaining boundaries

Movement

Metabolism

Excretion

Responsiveness

Growth

Reproduction

Digestion

maintaining life

the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition amidst a continually changing outside environment

balance where internal conditions vary responsively within narrow limits

-output shuts off or reduces intensity of original stimulus

-causes variable to change back in direction of the "ideal" state

-regulation of blood glucose

-response enhances original stimulus that output is accelerated

-events are self-perpetuating "cascades"

-rare for homeostasis

-blood clotting

-disturbance of homeostasis

-homeostatic imbalance

-plasma membrane

-cytoplasm

-nucleus

-protein responsible for membrane functions

-firmly secured in lipid bilayer

-used in facilitated diffusion

-protein responsible for membrane functions

-attach loosely to integral proteins or lipids

-carbohydrate layer on cell surface

-acts as a thumbprint for each cell to differentiate them

-membranes are selectively permeable

-passive process

-active process

-simple diffusion

-facilitated diffusion

-osmosis

-filtration

-active transport

-vesicular transport

-active process

-transport across plasma or intracellular membranes via membrane-bound vesicles

-exocytosis is the movement from the interior to the exterior of the cell

-endocytosis is the movement from the exterior to the interior of the cell

-solid material engulfed by the cell

-extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules engulfed by cell

-some cells move around the body

-cells need membrane junctions to hold them in place

-chemical substances like nutrients

-may not be present depending on cell type

-nah

-intermediate filaments

-microfilaments

-microtubules

-centrioles

-hair

-skin

-nails

-sweat/oil glands

-tactile epithelial cells

-present at the epidermal-dermal junction

-shaped like a spiky hemisphere

-associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending

-The combination functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

-palms, fingertips, soles of feet

-stratum lucidum

-three pigments

-carotene (yellow/orange)

-melanin (brown/black)

-hemoglobin (pink/red)

-derived from the dermis

-help to maintain homeostasis

-hair and hair follicles

-sebaceous glands

-sweat, ceruminous, apocrine, and mammary glands

-nails

perichondrium

-skull

-vertebrae

-ribs

-upper and lower limbs

-shoulders

-hips

-scapula

-shaft

-2 ends

-prominent in limbs

-thin, flat, maybe curved

-sternum

-cube shaped

-in wrist and ankle

-short bone formed in tendon (patella)

-vertebrae

support

protection

movement

mineral and growth factor storage (calcium bank)

blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

- Diaphysis/tubular shaft Thick outer layer made ofcompact bone-->Central medullary/marrow cavity contains fat (yellow marrow)

inadults-Epiphyses = bone ends--->Outer compact bone/Inner spongy bone

------------------------------------------->Joint surface covered with (hyaline) articularcartilage

--->Metaphysis = where diaphysis &epiphysis meet

------------------->Epiphyseal line = between diaphysis & epiphysis – remnant of epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage disc that grows in children to ↑ bone length & overall height

(needs cartilage at the plate for growth)

OUTSIDE BONE

-double membrane on outer surface except joint space

-outer fibrous layer is dense irregular CT

-inner layer is cells

INSIDE BONE

covers trabeculae and lines canals through compact bone

-made of CT, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

all blood cells including plasma and white blood cells

-sends proteins to the golgi apparatus

-ribosomes located on the ER for efficiency

-the mucus traps foreign particles

-cilia moves the mucus through the trachea ciliated action

-expel or swallow

diffusion through the deeper dermis

-bone matrix synthesizing cell

-bone reabsorbing cell