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Define exercise physiology
study of how our body's structures and functions are altered when exposed to a stimulus
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Why is Exercise Physiology important to all sub-disciplines of exercise science?
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. allows us to respond accurately to __________, _____, and ________________
3. allows us to understand the basic ____________ _________ of the human body as it is affected by ______ and _____ term exercise
allows us to apply research to maximize health rehabilitation and athletic performance
questions
myths
misconceptions
physiological function
short
long
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Why is Exercise Physiology important to all sub-disciplines of exercise science?
1. allows us to _______ __________ to maximize _______ ____________and ________ ______________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. allows us to understand the basic ______________ ________ of the human body as it is affected by _____ and _____ term exercise
apply research
health rehabilitation
athletic performance
allows us to respond accurately to questions, myths, and misconceptions
physiological function
short
long
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Why is Exercise Physiology important to all sub-disciplines of exercise science?
1. allows us to ________ __________ to maximize _______ ______________ and _________ ___________
2. allows us to respond accurately to __________, _______, and _______________
3. allows us to understand the basic physiological function of the human body as it is affected by short and long term exercise
apply research
health rehabilitation
athletic performance
questions
myths
misconceptions
allows us to understand the basic physiological function of the human body as it is affected by short and long xterm exercise
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Name the 3 energy systems
ATP-PCR system
Glycolytic system
Oxidative system
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What are the three fuel substrates utilized to produce energy in the body and state which is associated with each energy system?
Proteins
Glycolytic system and Oxidative system as amino acids are converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis
Carbohydrates
Glycolytic system and Oxidative system in the form of glucose
Fats
oxidative system in the form of free fatty acids through lipolysis of fats
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How much ATP do we obtain from each form of glycolysis and beta oxidation?
Anaerobic glycolysis:
Aerobic glycolysis :
Beta oxidation :
3 moles ATP/1 mole of glycogen
2 moles ATP/1 mole of glucose
39 moles ATP/1 mole of glycogen
38 moles ATP/1 mole of glucose
~129 moles ATP
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What is the role of the Krebs Cycle?
Allows us to take the lactate produced during glycolysis and convert it into acetyl CoA to continuously regenerate ATP through cellular respiration
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What is the role of the Electron Transport Chain?
Receives electrons from carriers NADH+ and FADH2 generated during the kreb's cycle to create a electrochemical gradient that continuously phosphorylates ADP into ATP
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What is the byproduct of each form of glycolysis?
Anaerobic glycolysis;
Aerobic glycolysis:
2-3 ATP, lactic acid
38-39 ATP, co2, h2o
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What are the fates of lactate?
Anaerobically, lactate stays as lactate
Aerobically, lactate is converted into Acetyl CoA used during the Krebs cycle
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Explain the use of energy systems as applied to rest to submaximal movement up to 70% of max potential
ATP-PCR:
Anaerobic Glycolysis:
Aerobic Glycolysis:
Beta Oxidation:
short duration, high-intensity movement
short to moderate duration, high moderate to high intensity movements
short to moderate duration, low to moderate intensity movements
moderate to long duration, low to moderate intensity movements
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Explain physiologically what happens during the beginning minutes of exercise
ATP-PCR into glycolysis to regenerate ATP
An oxygen deficit is created depending on fitness levels and intensity of movement until a steady state is reached allowing us to meet our oxygen demands at the cellular level
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Explain physiologically what happens post exercise
An excess post oxygen consumption is created, physiologically this is the restoration of ATP and CP stores, oxidation of lactate, gradually decreasing heart and respiratory rate towards resting values, and a post-exercise hormonal response
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What is RER?
What does it show us?
The ratio between co2 released and oxygen consumed allows us to estimate the amount of energy used by the body
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What is the purpose of excess post oxygen consumption
Both rapid and slow EPOC bring our physiological state back to homeostatic values after exercise as a recovery mechanism
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Why does lactic acid start to build up in the muscle with exercises of increasing intensity?
Increasing intensity places us towards the lactate threshold where lactate production exceeds lactate clearance
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What does one's lactate threshold/anaerobic threshold tell us about their fitness levels?
A higher lactate threshold is an indicator of our ability to perform at a higher VO2 max
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Name the specific components of the sarcomere that facilitate muscle contraction
myosin
actin
troponin
tropomyosin
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Name the 3 motor units and describe what the all or none principle means?
Type I
Type IIa
Type IIx
The threshold must be met or exceeded for the motor unit to be recruited
If the threshold is not met then no fibers in that unit act
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What is the size principle?
The smallest motor units get activated first
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Describe how the sliding filament theory takes place (1/3)
action potential arrives from motor neuron
voltage gated calcium channels open
calcium causes the release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles
ACH binds to chemically gated channels on the motor end plate
a lot of sodium enters and some potassium leaves through open ion channels
depolarization occurs as membrane potential becomes less negative
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Describe how the sliding filament theory takes place (2/3)
voltage gated channels on sarcolemma propagate the depolarization
depolarization reaches terminal cisternae in t-tubules releasing more calcium
calcium enters sarcoplasm and binds to troponin removing the blocking action of tropomyosin
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Describe how the sliding filament theory takes place (3/3)
myosin binds to actin forming a cross bridge
powerstroke from myosin head cause actin filaments to slide over myosin filaments
sarcomere z discs move closer towards the m-line and the muscle contracts
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explain how muscles can become stronger with an absence in size
neuromuscular adaptations
increased recruitment of motor units
increased rate coding
reduced autogenic inhibition of the golgi tendon organ
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what is responsible for increasing the cross sectional area of the muscle fiber?
long-term resistance training increases muscle fiber hypertrophy
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what is DOMS? what causes DOMS?
Delayed onset muscle soreness
high intensity eccentric contractions lead to microtrauma of the muscle fibers and surrounding connective tissue followed by an inflammatory response
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what causes fatigue in muscle?
Phosphocreatine and or glycogen depletion leading to the inability to replenish ATP
