Exam 2

- Dead Tissue

- Transportation of water and minerals from the soil

- One way flow

- origin in vascular cambium

- Forms woody structure

- Living Tissue

- Transports organic compounds from photosynthesis

- flows both directions

- originates from vascular cambium

- "Inner Bark"

Source is where something is produced/stored, high concentration

Sink is where it is used, low concentration

moved through diffusion and + pressure

- used by Angiosperms

- associated with a companion cell

- no nucleus

- used by Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

- tracheid-like cells

-no sieve plates or companion cells

- Provides protection from external sources

- Some bark can produce chemicals to reduce threats

Modified Branches, Have vascular (living) tissue

- Modified Leaves, stipules or leaf veins

- Have Vascular (Living) Tissue

- Extension of Epidermis

- Lack vascular (living) tissue

- pop off easily

- Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees

- Process of "Healing within Trees, the tree essentially blocks out the injury, so that decay will not spread throughout the tree

- Conceptualized as 4 walls

- Xylem plugs up above and below wound, using tyloses and resin (and more)

- prevents longitudinal spread of decay

- Weakest Wall

- Last row of innermost undamaged cells

- Continuous ring, minus ray cells

- inhibits lateral spread of damage

- 2nd weakest wall

- Sheet of ray cells

- Discontinuous

- Inhibits radial spread

- Stronger than walls 1 and 2

- New growth/cambium formation

- Separates wounded tissue from new development

- Strongest Wall

Both male and female reproductive parts are on the same tree

only one type of flower on a given tree

- Simple/Fleshy

- Stone like endocarp surrounds seed

- Ex. Cherry

- Simple/Fleshy

- Entire pericarp fleshy

- Many seeds (Normally small)

- Ex. Blueberry

- Simple/Fleshy

- Fleshy Exocarp and Mesocarp

- Papery Endocarp

- Ex. Apple

- Modified Berries

- not common in temperate climates

- Ex. Oranges and Cantelope

- Simple/Dry

- Dehiscent

- Composed of 1 carpel

- Simple/Dry

- Dehiscent

- Contains multiple Chambers

- Ex. vanilla

- Simple/Dry

- Dehiscent on one side

- 1 carpel

- commonly aggregated

- Simple/Dry

- Single Seed

- Indehiscent

- Often seen as multiple

- Simple/Dry

- Indehiscent

- One or more wings

- Small and dry

- Ex. Maples

- Simple/Dry

- Indehiscent

- Hard and Dry

- Usually single Seed

- Ex. Oak and Juglands

- fruits originating from a single flower with multiple carpels that fuse together.

- Ex. Raspberry (Aggregate of drupelets), Yellow Poplar (Aggregate of follicles)

- Originates from many, tightly bunched flowers

- Ex. Osage Orange

- When a species produces a larger amount of fruits than normal

- common in oaks

- 3 conditions necessary

- Optimum conditions during flowering

- Optimum conditions stay present during growing season post flowering

- No mast in the previous 1-2 years

- Increases likelihood of at least some seeds making it to the ground and becoming saplings

- Sprouting of a seed

- 2 main types: Hypogeal and Epigeal

- Cotyledons emerge above surface

- Cotyledons stay below surface

Seed Coat Dormancy: result from impermeable seed coat. Must be physically altered to allow germination

Embryo Dormancy: usually involves an immature embryo that opens after "ripening"

mechanical breaking of seedcoat

- Naturally through consumption or other means

- Artificially through chemical, thermal, or mechanical means to weaken the coat

Embryo Dormancy broken through prolonged chilling (Winter) then warmer long days with cool night (Spring)

can also be done artificially the same way