2024-08-20T17:09:51+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Species, Selection pressure, Natural mutation, Lethal mutation, Fixed mutation, Convergent evolution, Divergent evolution, Analogous structures, Homologous structure, Adaptive radiation, Gene flow, Genetic drift, Evolution, Speciation, Allopatric speciation, Sympatric speciation, Prezygotic, Reproductive isolating mechanisms, Archaeology, Anthropology, Paleontology, Biological evolution, Micro evolution, Macro evolution, Biogeography, Comparative biochemistry, Comparative embryology, Vestigial structures, Erasmus Darwin, Jena Baptist limerick, Charles Darwin, Alfred Wallace, Artificial selection, Adaptive radiation, Evolutionary tree, Stasis, Cladogenesis speciation, Anagenesis speciation, Clade, Phyletic gradualism, Punctuated equilibrium, Genetic drift, Mutations, Neutral mutations, Lethal mutations, Fixed mutations, Gene flow, Population, Speciation, Inbreeding, Outbreeding, Founder effect, Population bottleneck, Bipedalism, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Homo species, Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalaensis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Oldowan tool culture, Acheulian tool culture, Mousterian tool culture, Ardipithecus, Ardi, Australopithecines, Australopithecus afrarensis, Australopithecus Africanus, Australopithecus Sediba, Homo ergaster, San people, Multiregional theory, Out of Africa theory flashcards

EVOLUTION

gr12 evolution pt1, pt2, pt3

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  • Species
    a group of organisms of common ancestry that closely resemble each other and can interbreed and produce viable offspring
  • Selection pressure
    external agents which affect an organisms ability to survive in a given environment
  • Natural mutation
    mutation which does not affect amino acid can be detected using genome analysis
  • Lethal mutation
    unfavorable phenotypic change leading may lead to death
  • Fixed mutation
    result in a favorable phenotypic change advantage
  • Convergent evolution
    species from different evolutionary branches may resemble each other due to similar ecological roles
  • Divergent evolution
    the diversification of an ancestral group into two or more species in different habitats
  • Analogous structures
    different structures with similar function
  • Homologous structure
    same structures different function
  • Adaptive radiation
    rapid diversification
  • Gene flow
    transfer of genes from one population to another of the same species as by migration or the dispersal of seeds and pollen
  • Genetic drift
    the process of change in the genetic composition of a population due
  • Evolution
    change in genetic frequency over time
  • Speciation
    refers to the process whereby new species are formed (occurs with lack of gene flow)
  • Allopatric speciation
    geographically separated become subject to different selective pressures
  • Sympatric speciation
    new species forms inside population (no geographical barrier)
  • Prezygotic
    no sexual attraction leading to no mating
  • Reproductive isolating mechanisms
    prevent successful breeding between different species (barriers to gene flow)
  • Archaeology
    the study of ancient civilizations
  • Anthropology
    the study of human sciences
  • Paleontology
    the studies of fossils & evolution of life on Earth
  • Biological evolution
    change in gene pool over time of species
  • Micro evolution
    changes in gene frequency of a population from one generation to the next
  • Macro evolution
    decent of a different species from a common ancestor
  • Biogeography
    barriers preventing species from intermingling
  • Comparative biochemistry
    the molecular structure of most living organisms is similar
  • Comparative embryology
    the development path for many organisms is very similar
  • Vestigial structures
    structures which are still functional in some organisms but have minimal use
  • Erasmus Darwin
    wrote zoomania believed organisms could pass on acquired characteristics
  • Jena Baptist limerick
    wrote philosphie zoologique believed change happened from use and disuse and that acquired characteristics where passed on
  • Charles Darwin
    conceived the idea of natural selection
  • Alfred Wallace
    independently conceived the idea of natural selection
  • Artificial selection
    selection of traits to breed (mimics natural selection)
  • Adaptive radiation
    process where species rapidly evolve to fill ecological niches
  • Evolutionary tree
    a diagram which represents the pattern relationships between groups of organisms (branch length: time)
  • Stasis
    not changing for a very long time
  • Cladogenesis speciation
    parent species splits into two distinct species (absence of transition fossil)
  • Anagenesis speciation
    changes are gradually accumulated; when enough is accumulated the species is distinct enough that it can be labeled a new species
  • Clade
    a life form group consisting of a common ancestor and all it's descendant
  • Phyletic gradualism
    evolution occurs uniformly and steadily
  • Punctuated equilibrium
    in stasis until an event causes rapid evolution
  • Genetic drift
    the process which produces random changes in gene frequency
  • Mutations
    changes in nucleotide sequence allowing microevolution to take place
  • Neutral mutations
    change in nucleotide sequence but not protein it codes for
  • Lethal mutations
    causes an unfavorable phenotypic change which may cause death
  • Fixed mutations
    causes a favorable change in the phenotype giving an advantage to the individuals in the population with this change
  • Gene flow
    the movement of genes between populations
  • Population
    a group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area
  • Speciation
    formation of a new species from an old one
  • Inbreeding
    mating with closely related individuals of the same species reducing the gene pool
  • Outbreeding
    the mating of unrelated individuals of a species
  • Founder effect
    an event when a small number of individuals carrying a fraction of the populations genetic variation are founders of a new society elsewhere
  • Population bottleneck
    catastrophic events kill of parts of the population causing the founder effect
  • Bipedalism
    walk on two legs
  • Australopithecus anamensis
    4mya hominid with first signs of bipedalism
  • Australopithecus africanus
    code named Mrs. Ples ; Taung child ; Little foot lived in South Africa
  • Australopithecus sediba
    lived in South Africa may be a transitional species (walks upright & precision grip)
  • Homo species
    used tools appeared 2mya human like characteristics
  • Homo habilis
    Large brains code named Handy man due to tool use
  • Homo neanderthalaensis
    used hand axes (ancestor of Neanderthals)
  • Homo erectus
    used advanced tools
  • Homo sapiens
    cave paintings, burials spread throughout the Earth
  • Oldowan tool culture
    oldest tools used by homo habilis used to cut meat from bone
  • Acheulian tool culture
    more advanced used by homo erectus hand axe pics & cleavers
  • Mousterian tool culture
    used by Neanderthals included flakes scrapers and points
  • Ardipithecus
    ape like organism with change in forum magnum placement
  • Ardi
    complete female skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus
  • Australopithecines
    bipedal organism with both human and ape like characteristics
  • Australopithecus afrarensis
    lived in trees and on ground ; short with small brain (Lucy)
  • Australopithecus Africanus
    both human and ape like characteristics found in Gauteng (Phillip Tobias & Ron Clarke)
  • Australopithecus Sediba
    transitional species code name Karabo (Lee Burger)
  • Homo ergaster
    ancestor of modern humans ; human like characteristics
  • San people
    descendants of the worlds earliest diversification event
  • Multiregional theory
    suggests all humans evolved from homo erectus which was dispersed ; small amount of gene flow prevented speciation
  • Out of Africa theory
    suggests homo sapiens arose in Africa and migrated due to climate