Enlightenment philosophers

Dulduityn Danzanravjaa (1803–1856, Mongolian: Дулдуйтын Данзанравжаа) was a prominent Mongolian writer, composer, painter and physician and was the Fifth Noyon Khutagt, the Lama of the Gobi.

Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the Haskalah, the 'Jewish enlightenment' of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is indebted.

Jakob Lorber (22 July 1800 – 24 August 1864) was a Christian mystic and visionary from the Duchy of Styria, who promoted liberal Universalism.

Very Rev Alexander Gerard FRSE DD (1728 –1795) was a Scottish minister, academic and philosophical writer.

Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675 – 17 May 1729) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.

Thomas Reid FRSE (/riːd/; 26 April 1710 – 7 October 1796) was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher, a contemporary of David Hume as well as "Hume's earliest and fiercest critic.

The Rev. Francis Hutcheson (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was an Ulster-Scots philosopher born in Ulster to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became known as founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Johann Gottfried (after 1802: von) Herder (25 August 1744 – 18 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic.

Cyril Sielecki (29 April 1835 – 28 April 1918), first name also spelled Cyryl, was a Polish priest of the Greek Catholic Diocese of Przemyśl, and an educational and social activist.

Richard Price (23 February 1723 – 19 April 1791) was a Welsh moral philosopher, preacher and mathematician.

Sylvain Maréchal (15 August 1750 – 18 January 1803) was a French essayist, poet, philosopher, and, as a political theorist, precursor of utopian socialism and communism (his views on a Golden age society are occasionally described also as utopian anarchism).

Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini di Castiglione FRS (January 15, 1708 in Castiglione del Valdarno – October 11, 1791 in Berlin) was an Italian mathematician and astronomer.

Claude Adrien Helvétius (/hɛlˈviːʃəs/; French: [ɛlvesjys]; 26 January or 26 February 1715 (sources differ) – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher, freemason and littérateur.

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (/ˈɛtiˌɛn ˈbɒnoʊ də ˈkɒndiˌæk/; French: [bɔno də kɔ̃dijak]; 30 September 1714 – 3 August 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind.

Jacques-André Naigeon (July 15, 1738, Paris – 28 February 1810, Paris) was a French artist, atheist philosopher, editor and man of letters best known for his contributions to the Encyclopédie and for reworking Baron d'Holbach's and Diderot's manuscripts.

Charles-Irénée Castel, abbé de Saint-Pierre (18 February 1658 – 29 April 1743) was a French author whose ideas were novel for his times.

Gerhard Schøning (2 May 1722 – 18 July 1780) was a Norwegian historian.

Nicolas Antoine Boulanger (11 November 1722, Paris – 16 September 1759, Paris) was a French philosopher and man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment.

Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach (French: [dɔlbak]), was a French-German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and prominent figure in the French Enlightenment.

Johann Adam Weishaupt (6 February 1748 – 18 November 1830) was a German philosopher and founder of the Order of the Illuminati, a secret society.

Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (Grenoble, 14 March 1709 – 2 April 1785 in Paris), sometimes known as Abbé de Mably, was a French philosopher, historian, and writer, who for a short time served in the diplomatic corps.

Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio (Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare bekkaˈriːa]; 15 March 1738 – 28 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered as the most talented jurist and one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment.

Anthim the Iberian (Romanian: Antim Ivireanul, Georgian: ანთიმოზ ივერიელი - Antimoz Iverieli; secular name: Andria; 1650 — September or October 1716) was a Georgian theologian, scholar, calligrapher, philosopher and one of the greatest ecclesiastic figures of Wallachia, founder of the first printing press in Romania, and Metropolitan of Bucharest in 1708-1715.

Christian Thomasius (1 January 1655 – 23 September 1728) was a German jurist and philosopher.

Nicolas Malebranche, Oratory of Jesus (French: [nikɔlɑ malbrɑ̃ʃ]; 6 August 1638 – 13 October 1715), was a French Oratorian, not to be confused with the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri priest and rationalist philosopher.

John Toland (30 November 1670 – 11 March 1722) was an Irish-born rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosophy of religion, which are early expressions of the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment.

Henry More FRS (/ˈmɔːr/; 12 October 1614 – 1 September 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.

James Beattie FRSE (/ˈbiːti/; 25 October 1735 – 18 August 1803) was a Scottish poet, moralist and philosopher.

Johann Georg Heinrich Feder (German: [ˈfeːdɐ]; 15 May 1740 – 22 May 1821) was a German philosopher.

Étienne Noël Damilaville 21 November 1723 – 13 December 1768) was an 18th-century French man of letters, friend of Voltaire, Diderot and d'Alembert.

Johann Gotthelf Lindner (11 September 1729 – 29 March 1776) was a German university teacher and writer at the time of the eighteenth century Enlightenment.

David Fordyce (1711, Broadford, Aberdeenshire – 1751) was a Scottish philosopher, a contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment.

Cornelius Franciscus de Pauw or Cornelis de Pauw (Corneille de Pauw in French; 18 August 1739 — 5 July 1799) was a Dutch philosopher, geographer and diplomat at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia.

John Millar of Glasgow (22 June 1735 – 30 May 1801) was a Scottish philosopher, historian and Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow from 1761 to 1800.

Francesco Mario Pagano (8 December 1748 – 29 October 1799) was an Italian jurist, author, thinker, and the founder of the Neapolitan school of law.

Frederik van Leenhof (1 September 1647 – 13 October 1715) was a Dutch pastor and philosopher active in Zwolle, who caused an international controversy because of his Spinozist work Heaven on Earth (1703).

Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696 – 27 December 1782) was a Scottish advocate, judge, philosopher, writer and agricultural improver.

François Hemsterhuis (27 December 1721 – 7 July 1790) was a Dutch writer on aesthetics and moral philosophy.

Gabriel Wagner (c. 1660 – c. 1717) was a radical German philosopher and materialist who wrote under the nom-de-plume Realis de Vienna.

Daniel Raymond (1786–1849) was the first important political economist to appear in the United States.

Franz Samuel Karpe, Slovene: Franc Samuel Karpe, Czech: František Samuel Karpe (November 17, 1747 - September 4, 1806) was a Slovenian philosopher and rector of University of Olomouc.

George Turnbull (11 July 1698 – 31 Jan 1748) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, teacher, writer on education and an early but little-known figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.

Adriaan Koerbagh (1633 – 1669) was a Dutch scholar and writer best known as a critic of religion and conventional morality.

William Cleghorn (1718 – August 1754) was a British philosopher.

William Ogilvie of Pittensear FRSE FSA(Scot), known as the rebel professor, was a Scottish classicist, numismatist and author of an influential historic land reform treatise.

Hugh Blair FRSE (7 April 1718 – 27 December 1800) was a Scottish minister of religion, author and rhetorician, considered one of the first great theorists of written discourse.

Petrus Cunaeus (1586, in Vlissingen – 2 December 1638, in Leiden) was the pen name of the Dutch Christian scholar Peter van der Kun.

George Berkeley (/ˈbɑːrklɪ/; 12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753) — known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) — was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).

Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo (Royal Audiencia of Quito, 1747–95) was a medical pioneer, writer and lawyer of mestizo origin in colonial Ecuador.

Archibald Alison FRS FRSE (13 November 1757 – 17 May 1839) was a Scottish episcopalian priest and essayist.

Archibald Arthur FRSE (6 September 1744 – 14 June 1797) was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher.

Franciscus van den Enden (c. February 5, 1602 in Antwerp - November 27, 1674 in Paris) was a former Jesuit, Neo-Latin poet, physician, art dealer, philosopher, and plotter against Louis XIV of France, who is mainly known as the teacher of Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677).