2024-03-19T22:48:39+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>Hypothalamic Hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary thyrotropes to release TSH</p>, <p>Hypothalamic Hormone: Inhibits release of several anterior pituitary hormones, including GH</p>, <p>Hypothalamic hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to release FSH and LH</p>, <p>Hypothalamic hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary corticotropes to release ACTH</p>, <p>Hypothalamic hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary somatotrophs to release GH</p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates thyroid gland growth, promotes T4 and T3 synthesis and secretion</p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormone: Females- stimulates ovarian sex steroid production, LH mid-cycle peak initiates ovulation. Males- stimulates testis synthesis and secretion of testosterone </p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormone: Females: stimulates ovarian early follicular cycle follicle development and preparation for ovulation. Males: stimulates testis synthesis and secretion of testosterone</p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormone: Promotes growth of bones and organs; promotes muscle protein synthesis, regulates metabolism of fat and liver</p>, <p>Hypothalamic hormones:</p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates breast development and milk production</p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates adrenal gland growth and hormone secretion, particularly cortisol secretion</p>, <p>Anterior pituitary hormones </p>, <p>Posterior pituitary hormone: Controls renal water retention to regulate BP and blood volume, also functions as vasoconstrictor</p>, <p>Posterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates uterine contraction, initiates milk ejection (let-down)</p>, <p>Thyroid hormones: maintain normal functions of most tissues, increase the body's metabolic rate, required for normal development and function of the brain</p>, <p>Hormone: increases blood calcium level by promoting absorption (from kidneys or intestine) or release (from bone breakdown)</p>, <p>Adrenal hormone: Cortex-Targets most tissues, particularly liver, adipose, muscle, immune cells; many physiological functions, including metabolic regulation, BP maintenance, immune modulation</p>, <p>Adrenal hormone: Cortex- acts on the kidney to promote sodium retention and potassium excretion; required for normal BP maintenance</p>, <p>Adrenal hormone: Cortex- act on many target tissues to promote the development and maintenance of male characteristics</p>, <p>Adrenal hormone: Medulla-act on many target tissues to increase BP, blood glucose, catabolism; active in stress responses</p>, <p>Pancreatic hormone: targets liver, muscle and fat. Lowers blood glucose levels, promotes growth, anabolic hormone</p>, <p>Pancreatic hormone: targets liver, raises blood glucoses levels, catabolic hormone</p>, <p>Pancreatic hormone: Acts locally within pancreas, paracrine action inhibits glucagon and insulin release</p>, <p>Two major theories for the patho of diabetic micrangiopathy</p>, <p>Lab to measure endogenous insulin production</p>, <p>Gerontologic metabolic considerations</p>, <p>Pediatric considerations</p>, <p>Symptoms of <span class="tt-bg-red">hyperprolactinemia </span></p>, <p>Pathogenesis of <span class="tt-bg-red">hypoprolactinemia</span></p>, <p>Cushing disease v. syndrome</p>, <p>Symptoms of hypercortisolism</p>, <p>Most common cause of hypocortisolism</p>, <p>Symptoms of hypocortisolism</p>, <p>Hypofunction of posterior pituitary</p>, <p>Hyperfunction of posterior pituitary</p>, <p>Actions of thyroid hormone</p>, <p>Why we don't test thyroid on acutely ill patients </p>, <p>Proteolysis breaks down muscle proteins to gain amino acidsfor </p>, <p>Why visceral obesity is linked with insulin resistance </p>, <p>Critical acute complication of T2DM. Precipitating event is often an infection that results in decreased fluid intake and increased stress hormone secretion</p>, <p>Pathogenesis of gestational DM</p>, <p>Guidelines for PSA testing </p>, <p>RAA hormone family</p>, <p>RAA axis effects</p>, <p>Responsible hormone: Hashimotos</p>, <p>Responsible hormone: Graves Disease</p>, <p>Responsible hormone: Addison's Disease</p>, <p>Responsible hormone: Cushing syndrome or disease</p>, <p>This pregnancy hormone contributes to insulin resistance</p>, <p>Process of creating glucose from non-glucose sources</p>, <p>Process of synthesizing glycogen in the liver</p>, <p>Process of breaking down glycogen in to glucose</p> flashcards

Endocrine System

Advanced pathophysiology, chapter 17, module 10

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  • Hypothalamic Hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary thyrotropes to release TSH

    Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

  • Hypothalamic Hormone: Inhibits release of several anterior pituitary hormones, including GH

    Somatostatin (SST)

  • Hypothalamic hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to release FSH and LH

    Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

  • Hypothalamic hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary corticotropes to release ACTH

    Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

  • Hypothalamic hormone: Stimulates anterior pituitary somatotrophs to release GH

    Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

  • Anterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates thyroid gland growth, promotes T4 and T3 synthesis and secretion

    Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

  • Anterior pituitary hormone: Females- stimulates ovarian sex steroid production, LH mid-cycle peak initiates ovulation. Males- stimulates testis synthesis and secretion of testosterone

    Luteinizing hormone (LH)

  • Anterior pituitary hormone: Females: stimulates ovarian early follicular cycle follicle development and preparation for ovulation. Males: stimulates testis synthesis and secretion of testosterone

    Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

  • Anterior pituitary hormone: Promotes growth of bones and organs; promotes muscle protein synthesis, regulates metabolism of fat and liver

    Growth hormone (GH)

  • Hypothalamic hormones:

    TRH, SST, GnRH, CRH, GHRH

  • Anterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates breast development and milk production

    Prolactin

  • Anterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates adrenal gland growth and hormone secretion, particularly cortisol secretion

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

  • Anterior pituitary hormones

    TSH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin and ACTH

  • Posterior pituitary hormone: Controls renal water retention to regulate BP and blood volume, also functions as vasoconstrictor

    Vasopressin (AVP, ADH)

  • Posterior pituitary hormone: Stimulates uterine contraction, initiates milk ejection (let-down)

    Oxytocin

  • Thyroid hormones: maintain normal functions of most tissues, increase the body's metabolic rate, required for normal development and function of the brain

    T3 (more active) and T4

  • Hormone: increases blood calcium level by promoting absorption (from kidneys or intestine) or release (from bone breakdown)

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • Adrenal hormone: Cortex-Targets most tissues, particularly liver, adipose, muscle, immune cells; many physiological functions, including metabolic regulation, BP maintenance, immune modulation

    Cortisol

  • Adrenal hormone: Cortex- acts on the kidney to promote sodium retention and potassium excretion; required for normal BP maintenance

    Aldosterone

  • Adrenal hormone: Cortex- act on many target tissues to promote the development and maintenance of male characteristics

    Androgens

  • Adrenal hormone: Medulla-act on many target tissues to increase BP, blood glucose, catabolism; active in stress responses

    Epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • Pancreatic hormone: targets liver, muscle and fat. Lowers blood glucose levels, promotes growth, anabolic hormone

    Insulin

  • Pancreatic hormone: targets liver, raises blood glucoses levels, catabolic hormone

    Glucagon

  • Pancreatic hormone: Acts locally within pancreas, paracrine action inhibits glucagon and insulin release

    Somatostatin (SST)

  • Two major theories for the patho of diabetic micrangiopathy

    1. Buildup of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)- like spikey balls rolling through your veins 2. Increased reactive oxygen species d/t excessive glucose metabolism, AKA oxidative stress

  • Lab to measure endogenous insulin production

    C-peptide

  • Gerontologic metabolic considerations

    No real patterns. Maybe decreased incidence of graves while increased incidence of multinodular goiter and thyroid adenoma, more subtle hyperthyroid presentation- associated with a. fib

  • Pediatric considerations

    Congenital hypothyroidism: Most common endocrine disorder at birth

  • Symptoms of hyperprolactinemia

    amenorrhea, infertility, hypogonadism, galactorrhea and headaches

  • Pathogenesis of hypoprolactinemia

    Rare, occurs in conjunction with general pituitary damage or compression d/t another pituitary adenoma

  • Cushing disease v. syndrome

    Disease: hypercortisolism s/t pituitary tumor Syndrome: any time the body is making too much cortisol (umbrella)

  • Symptoms of hypercortisolism

    Abdominal adiposity, facial rounding, abdominal striae, easy bruising, HTN, hyperglycemia

  • Most common cause of hypocortisolism

    Addison's disease (autoimmune adrenocortical destruction)

  • Symptoms of hypocortisolism

    Low sodium, high potassium, high ACTH (causes skin hyperpigmentation), hypotension, tachycardia, stress sensitivity, weight loss and fatigue

  • Hypofunction of posterior pituitary

    Diabetes insipidus (DI), lots of dilute urine, can occur from head trauma that compresses the pituitary stalk (reducing AVP secretion), desmopressin replacement if chronic

  • Hyperfunction of posterior pituitary

    Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH), water retention leads to hypervolemia, dilutional hyponatremia, risk of brain damage from hyponatremia, can be caused by nonpituitary neoplasms that secrete AVP

  • Actions of thyroid hormone

    Speeds things up- increase and growth. Maintains normal brain function (activity, cognition and reflexes). Stimulates CV system (increase HR, SV and BP)

  • Why we don't test thyroid on acutely ill patients

    Euthyroid sick syndrome

  • Proteolysis breaks down muscle proteins to gain amino acidsfor

    hepatic gluconeogenesis

  • Why visceral obesity is linked with insulin resistance

    Fat around the abdominal organs releases fatty acids and cytokines that promote liver insulin resistance

  • Critical acute complication of T2DM. Precipitating event is often an infection that results in decreased fluid intake and increased stress hormone secretion

    Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome- blood glucose often higher than those seen in DKA (hyperosmotic)

  • Pathogenesis of gestational DM

    Similar to type 2 DM (insulin resistance), also placenta degrades insulin, resulting in more stress of the beta cells

  • Guidelines for PSA testing

    Men 50 to 69, but guidelines continue to evolve

  • RAA hormone family

    Renin, angiotensin and aldosterone

  • RAA axis effects

    decrease potassium, increase sodium and increase BV and BP

  • Responsible hormone: Hashimotos

    Hypothyroid

  • Responsible hormone: Graves Disease

    Hyperthyroid

  • Responsible hormone: Addison's Disease

    hypocortisol (also hypoaldosterone)

  • Responsible hormone: Cushing syndrome or disease

    hypercortisol

  • This pregnancy hormone contributes to insulin resistance

    chorionic somatomammotropin

  • Process of creating glucose from non-glucose sources

    Gluconeogenesis

  • Process of synthesizing glycogen in the liver

    Glycogenesis

  • Process of breaking down glycogen in to glucose

    glycogenolysis