7: The teacher understands and applies principles and strategies for communicating effectively in varied teaching and learning contexts. 8: The teacher provides appropriate instruction that actively engages students in the learning process.
Reading Specialist
Teachers who have specialized training in helping struggling readers. Most have a master of education degree. Some have additional training for teaching students with dyslexia
Struggling Reader
Students that typically read one or more years below their current grade-level but do not have an identified learning disability of any kind
Expository Text
Exists to provide facts in a way that is educational and purposeful. The text is fact-based with the purpose of exposing the truth through a reliable source
Vocabulary instruction
4 components: wide or extensive independent reading to expand word knowledge, instruction in specific words to enhance comprehension of texts containing those words, instruction in independent word learning strategies, word consciousness and activities to motivate learning
Language deficit
Found in the areas of oral expression and listening comprehension. These two areas control our ability to communicate with others, and therefore a deficit in either or both can have a major impact on the quality of life of a child with a learning disability, as well as his or her life in education.
Listening Comprehension problems
A child with a disability in listening demonstrates that disability in a negative way
Know, Want to Know, Learned (KWL) Chart
A graphical organizer designed to help in learning.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001
U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education.
Evidence-based instruction
Any concept or strategy that is derived from or informed by objective evidence—most commonly, educational research or metrics of school, teacher, and student performance
Truancy
refers only to unexcused absences. Federal law requires each state to define and report on truancy.
Delayed reinforcement
Time delay between the desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward
the desire to experience pleasure or fulfillment without delay or deferment
a language that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period
an important concept in B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. involves taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior
involves presenting an unfavorable outcome or event following an undesirable behavior. When the subject performs an unwanted action, some type of negative outcome is purposefully applied.
a prompt that is conveyed in spoken language from one person to another or a group of people
meets at least two of the following criteria: It lowers "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term; It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym.